SIMBAD references

We have simulated encounters between planetary systems and single stars in various clustered environments. This allows us to estimate the fraction of systems liberated, the velocity distribution of the liberated planets, and the separation and eccentricity distributions of the surviving bound systems. Our results indicate that, for an initial distribution of orbits that is flat in log space and extends out to 50au, 50per cent of the available planets can be liberated in a globular cluster, 25per cent in an open cluster, and less than 10per cent in a young cluster. These fractions are reduced to 25, 12 and 2per cent if the initial population extends only to 20au. Furthermore, these free-floating planets can be retained for longer than a crossing time only in a massive globular cluster. It is therefore difficult to see how planets, which by definition form in a disc around a young star, could be subsequently liberated to form a significant population of free-floating substellar objects in a cluster.