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Query : 2004ApJ...606..271G |
2004ApJ...606..271G - Astrophys. J., 606, 271-290 (2004/May-1)
The star formation rate and dense molecular gas in galaxies.
GAO Y. and SOLOMON P.M.
Abstract (from CDS):
The HCN-CO correlation is also much tighter than the IR-CO correlation. We suggest that the nonlinear correlation between LIRand LCOmay be a consequence of the stronger and perhaps more physical correlations between LIRand LHCNand between LHCNand LCO. Thus, the star formation rate indicated by LIR depends on the amount of dense molecular gas traced by HCN emission, not the total molecular gas traced by CO emission. One of the main arguments in favor of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) as the power source in ULIGs is the anomalously high ratio LIR/LCOor LIR/M(H2) or high star formation rate per M☉of gas, compared with that from normal spiral galaxies. This has been interpreted as indicating that a dust-enshrouded AGN is required to produce the very high luminosity. Viewed in terms of the dense gas mass the situation is completely different. The ratio LIR/LHCNor LIR/Mdense, a measure of the star formation rate per solar mass of dense gas, is essentially the same in all galaxies including ULIGs. The ratio LIR/Mdenseis virtually independent of galaxy luminosity and on average LIR/Mdense~90L☉/M☉, about the same as in GMC cores but much higher than in GMCs. We find that ULIGs simply have a large quantity of dense molecular gas and thus produce a prodigious starburst that heats the dust, produces the IR, and blocks all or most optical radiation. The HCN global luminosity may be used as an indicator of the star formation rate in high-redshift objects including hyperluminous galaxies.
The HCN/CO ratio is an indicator of the dense molecular gas fraction and gauges the globally averaged molecular gas density. We find that the HCN/CO ratio is a powerful starburst indicator. All galaxies in our sample with a high dense gas mass fraction indicated by LHCN/LCO>0.06 are LIGs or ULIGs. Normal spirals all have similar and low dense gas fractions LHCN/LCO=0.02-0.05. The global star formation efficiency depends on the fraction of the molecular gas in a dense phase.
Abstract Copyright: ∼
Journal keyword(s): Galaxies: ISM - Galaxies: Starburst - Infrared: Galaxies - ISM: Molecules - Radio Lines: Galaxies
Simbad objects: 75
Number of rows : 75 |
N | Identifier | Otype |
ICRS (J2000) RA |
ICRS (J2000) DEC |
Mag U | Mag B | Mag V | Mag R | Mag I | Sp type |
#ref
1850 - 2024 |
#notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | NGC 253 | SyG | 00 47 33.134 | -25 17 19.68 | 8.03 | 6.94 | 8.1 | ~ | 3337 | 2 | ||
2 | IC 1623 | IG | 01 07 47.380 | -17 30 24.51 | 15 | ~ | 310 | 2 | ||||
3 | NGC 520 | AG? | 01 24 34.90 | +03 47 29.4 | 12.41 | 12.24 | 11.42 | ~ | 513 | 3 | ||
4 | NGC 660 | Sy2 | 01 43 02.350 | +13 38 44.45 | 12.02 | 11.16 | ~ | 556 | 2 | |||
5 | NGC 695 | G | 01 51 14.3479513536 | +22 34 55.956444960 | 13.7 | ~ | 185 | 1 | ||||
6 | NGC 828 | rG | 02 10 09.5469097104 | +39 11 25.233638244 | 13.0 | ~ | 164 | 1 | ||||
7 | IC 214 | G | 02 14 05.586 | +05 10 23.37 | 14.4 | ~ | 149 | 0 | ||||
8 | NGC 891 | H2G | 02 22 32.907 | +42 20 53.95 | 11.08 | 10.81 | 9.93 | 7.86 | ~ | 1667 | 2 | |
9 | NGC 1022 | GiG | 02 38 32.703 | -06 40 38.60 | 12.33 | 12.09 | 11.34 | ~ | 203 | 1 | ||
10 | NGC 1055 | GiP | 02 41 45.233 | +00 26 35.45 | 11.59 | 11.40 | 10.59 | 10.5 | 10.7 | ~ | 283 | 2 |
11 | M 77 | Sy2 | 02 42 40.7091669408 | -00 00 47.859690204 | 9.70 | 9.61 | 8.87 | 10.1 | 9.9 | ~ | 4603 | 2 |
12 | NGC 1097 | LIN | 02 46 19.059 | -30 16 29.68 | 10.46 | 9.97 | 9.48 | 8.72 | 9.8 | ~ | 1342 | 3 |
13 | NGC 1142 | Sy2 | 02 55 12.2311509144 | -00 11 00.807149472 | 15.42 | 14.41 | ~ | 330 | 1 | |||
14 | NGC 1365 | Sy1 | 03 33 36.458 | -36 08 26.37 | 10.48 | 10.08 | 9.63 | 8.79 | 9.7 | ~ | 1803 | 2 |
15 | IC 342 | SBG | 03 46 48.514 | +68 05 45.98 | 10.5 | ~ | 1517 | 1 | ||||
16 | NGC 1530 | AG? | 04 23 27.102 | +75 17 44.05 | 13.40 | ~ | 277 | 1 | ||||
17 | NGC 1614 | Sy1 | 04 34 00.027 | -08 34 44.57 | 14.66 | 13.99 | ~ | 667 | 0 | |||
18 | ZW VII 31 | G | 05 16 46.384 | +79 40 12.63 | 15.8 | ~ | 150 | 0 | ||||
19 | LEDA 17155 | Sy2 | 05 21 01.3994605776 | -25 21 45.321827832 | 15.47 | 14.75 | ~ | 498 | 0 | |||
20 | NGC 2146 | SBG | 06 18 37.710 | +78 21 25.27 | 11.67 | 11.38 | 10.59 | ~ | 721 | 2 | ||
21 | NGC 2276 | AG? | 07 27 14.485 | +85 45 16.20 | 12.3 | ~ | 376 | 0 | ||||
22 | UGC 4881 | IG | 09 15 55.5 | +44 19 58 | 14.9 | ~ | 169 | 0 | ||||
23 | NGC 2905 | H2G | 09 32 10.111 | +21 30 02.99 | 10.44 | 9.75 | 9.07 | 8.68 | ~ | 1116 | 3 | |
24 | UGC 5101 | Sy2 | 09 35 51.6045544584 | +61 21 11.589382368 | 15.20 | 15.50 | ~ | 572 | 4 | |||
25 | M 82 | AGN | 09 55 52.430 | +69 40 46.93 | 9.61 | 9.30 | 8.41 | ~ | 5860 | 6 | ||
26 | NGC 3079 | Sy2 | 10 01 57.8789863992 | +55 40 47.449758324 | 11.57 | 11.54 | 10.86 | ~ | 1391 | 3 | ||
27 | NGC 3147 | Sy2 | 10 16 53.6388580752 | +73 24 02.641798224 | 11.43 | 10.61 | ~ | 490 | 2 | |||
28 | NGC 3256 | Sy2 | 10 27 51.284 | -43 54 13.55 | 11.83 | 11.33 | 10.62 | 11.9 | ~ | 848 | 2 | |
29 | LEDA 33083 | LIN | 10 59 18.128 | +24 32 34.74 | 15.7 | ~ | 274 | 1 | ||||
30 | APG 148 | IG | 11 03 54.0 | +40 51 00 | 14.29 | ~ | 177 | 1 | ||||
31 | M 108 | SBG | 11 11 30.967 | +55 40 26.84 | 10.70 | ~ | 471 | 1 | ||||
32 | M 66 | GiP | 11 20 15.0 | +12 59 29 | 9.85 | 9.65 | 8.92 | ~ | 1386 | 4 | ||
33 | NGC 3628 | GiP | 11 20 17.018 | +13 35 22.16 | 10.42 | 9.48 | 9.22 | ~ | 827 | 3 | ||
34 | UGC 6472 C | G | 11 28 30.70 | +58 33 48.4 | ~ | 351 | 0 | |||||
35 | NGC 3690 | IG | 11 28 31.0 | +58 33 41 | 13.19 | 12.86 | ~ | 978 | 4 | |||
36 | NAME NGC 3690 West | GiP | 11 28 31.02 | +58 33 40.7 | 11.8 | ~ | 629 | 4 | ||||
37 | NAME NGC 3690 East | AGN | 11 28 33.07 | +58 33 54.2 | 11.8 | ~ | 631 | 4 | ||||
38 | NGC 3893 | GiP | 11 48 38.207 | +48 42 38.84 | 11.23 | 10.67 | ~ | 369 | 1 | |||
39 | NGC 4030 | GiP | 12 00 23.6102390784 | -01 06 00.197099136 | 11.42 | 10.3 | 10.4 | ~ | 340 | 1 | ||
40 | NGC 4041 | SyG | 12 02 12.2376697152 | +62 08 14.096124312 | 11.6 | ~ | 252 | 1 | ||||
41 | NGC 4414 | GiG | 12 26 27.1276893168 | +31 13 24.626206488 | 11.12 | 10.96 | 10.12 | ~ | 567 | 2 | ||
42 | NGC 4631 | GiP | 12 42 08.009 | +32 32 29.44 | 9.78 | 9.19 | 9.10 | ~ | 1095 | 2 | ||
43 | Mrk 231 | Sy1 | 12 56 14.2341182928 | +56 52 25.238373852 | 14.68 | 13.84 | ~ | 1989 | 3 | |||
44 | M 64 | SyG | 12 56 43.696 | +21 40 57.57 | 9.36 | 8.52 | ~ | 940 | 2 | |||
45 | NGC 4945 | Sy2 | 13 05 27.279 | -49 28 04.44 | 9.31 | 14.40 | 7.55 | ~ | 1475 | 2 | ||
46 | NGC 5005 | GiP | 13 10 56.312 | +37 03 32.19 | 14.67 | 13.67 | ~ | 541 | 2 | |||
47 | M 63 | LIN | 13 15 49.2741893928 | +42 01 45.728076108 | 9.34 | 8.59 | 8.35 | ~ | 1224 | 2 | ||
48 | IC 883 | SBG | 13 20 35.4 | +34 08 22 | 14.8 | ~ | 400 | 1 | ||||
49 | NGC 5135 | Sy2 | 13 25 44.059 | -29 50 01.24 | 12.58 | 13.35 | 11.53 | 12.2 | ~ | 474 | 1 | |
50 | M 51 | Sy2 | 13 29 52.698 | +47 11 42.93 | 9.26 | 8.36 | 8.40 | ~ | 4330 | 4 | ||
51 | M 83 | SBG | 13 37 00.91920 | -29 51 56.7400 | 8.85 | 8.11 | 7.52 | 7.21 | ~ | 2573 | 2 | |
52 | Mrk 273 | Sy2 | 13 44 42.1781 | +55 53 12.819 | 15.68 | 14.91 | ~ | 913 | 3 | |||
53 | QSO J1415+1129 | QSO | 14 15 46.25 | +11 29 43.4 | 17.63 | 17.23 | ~ | 650 | 0 | |||
54 | NGC 5678 | AGN | 14 32 05.5700264952 | +57 55 17.155392060 | 12.10 | ~ | 227 | 1 | ||||
55 | NGC 5713 | GiP | 14 40 11.528 | -00 17 21.16 | 11.88 | 11.84 | 11.20 | ~ | 398 | 2 | ||
56 | NGC 5775 | GiP | 14 53 57.653 | +03 32 40.10 | 13.0 | 11.34 | ~ | 434 | 2 | |||
57 | UGC 9618 | IG | 14 57 00.4 | +24 36 44 | 14.3 | ~ | 122 | 1 | ||||
58 | IC 4553 | SyG | 15 34 57.22396 | +23 30 11.6084 | 14.76 | 13.88 | ~ | 2961 | 4 | |||
59 | NGC 6240 | Sy2 | 16 52 58.9 | +02 24 03 | 14.31 | 13.37 | ~ | 1637 | 2 | |||
60 | LEDA 60189 | LIN | 17 23 21.943 | -00 17 00.96 | 15.1 | ~ | 424 | 0 | ||||
61 | LEDA 84885 | Sy1 | 18 32 41.177 | -34 11 27.46 | 15.63 | 13.66 | ~ | 130 | 0 | |||
62 | NGC 6670 | PaG | 18 33 35.2 | +59 53 21 | ~ | 66 | 1 | |||||
63 | 2MASX J18333768+5953227 | IG | 18 33 37.683 | +59 53 22.76 | ~ | 70 | 0 | |||||
64 | NGC 6701 | AG? | 18 43 12.429 | +60 39 12.13 | 12.9 | ~ | 133 | 1 | ||||
65 | NGC 6921 | Sy2 | 20 28 28.8658027224 | +25 43 24.094324884 | 15.41 | 12.897 | ~ | 95 | 1 | |||
66 | NGC 6946 | H2G | 20 34 52.332 | +60 09 13.24 | 10.5 | ~ | 2529 | 2 | ||||
67 | NGC 6951 | Sy2 | 20 37 14.1228088488 | +66 06 20.049916392 | 11.64 | 10.65 | ~ | 527 | 2 | |||
68 | NGC 7130 | Sy2 | 21 48 19.5412287192 | -34 57 04.492024884 | 12.86 | 13.87 | 11.57 | ~ | 450 | 0 | ||
69 | IC 5179 | Sy1 | 22 16 09.1191653256 | -36 50 37.117603752 | 12.29 | 11.89 | 11.38 | ~ | 204 | 1 | ||
70 | NGC 7331 | LIN | 22 37 04.0506038088 | +34 24 56.800076508 | 10.65 | 10.35 | 9.48 | ~ | 1228 | 2 | ||
71 | NGC 7469 | Sy1 | 23 03 15.6 | +08 52 26 | 12.60 | 13.00 | 12.34 | ~ | 2096 | 3 | ||
72 | NGC 7479 | Sy2 | 23 04 56.6432243448 | +12 19 22.357387020 | 11.74 | 11.60 | 10.85 | 10.47 | 9.66 | ~ | 743 | 2 |
73 | LEDA 90429 | SyG | 23 39 01.274 | +36 21 08.77 | 16.17 | ~ | 216 | 1 | ||||
74 | NGC 7771 | GiG | 23 51 24.880 | +20 06 42.57 | 13.42 | 13.08 | 12.25 | ~ | 338 | 4 | ||
75 | Mrk 331 | GiP | 23 51 26.731 | +20 35 10.22 | 14.9 | ~ | 227 | 0 |
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