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2004MNRAS.354..558E - Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 354, 558-574 (2004/October-3)
Observations and three-dimensional photoionization modelling of the Wolf-Rayet planetary nebula NGC 1501.
ERCOLANO B., WESSON R., ZHANG Y., BARLOW M.J., DE MARCO O., RAUCH T. and LIU X.-W.
Abstract (from CDS):
A three-dimensional photoionization model of NGC 1501 was constructed using the photoionization code mocassin, based on our new spectroscopic data and using the three-dimensional electron density distribution determined from long-slit echellograms of the nebula by Ragazzoni et al. The central star ionizing radiation field is approximated by a model atmosphere, calculated using the Tübingen non-local thermodynamic equilibrium model atmosphere package, for abundances typical of the W04 nucleus of NGC 1501 and PG 1159 stars. The nebular emission-line spectrum was best reproduced using a central star model with an effective temperature of Teff= 110 kK and a luminosity of L*= 5000L☉. The initial models showed higher degrees of ionization of heavy elements than indicated by observations. We investigated the importance of the missing low-temperature dielectronic recombination rates for third-row elements and have estimated upper limits to their rate coefficients.
Our single-phase, three-dimensional photoionization model heavily underpredicts the optical recombination line emission. We conclude that the presence of a hydrogen-deficient, metal-rich component is necessary to explain the observed ORL spectrum of this object. The existence of such knots could also provide a softening of the radiation field, via the removal of ionizing photons by absorption in the knots, thereby helping to alleviate the overionization of the heavy elements in our models.
Abstract Copyright: 2004 RAS
Journal keyword(s): atomic data - stars: Wolf-Rayet - ISM: abundances - planetary nebulae: individual: NGC 1501
CDS comments: The PN Sand N are [S71d] N objects in Simbad
Simbad objects: 15
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