2006MNRAS.367..763S

Query : 2006MNRAS.367..763S

2006MNRAS.367..763S - Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 367, 763-772 (2006/April-1)

A census of the Carina Nebula - I. Cumulative energy input from massive stars.

SMITH N.

Abstract (from CDS):

The Carina Nebula (NGC 3372) is our richest nearby laboratory in which to study feedback through ultraviolet radiation and stellar winds from very massive stars during the formation of an OB association, at an early phase in the evolution of the surrounding proto-superbubble before supernova explosions have influenced the environment. This feedback is triggering successive generations of new star formation around the periphery of the nebula, while simultaneously evaporating the gas and dust reservoirs out of which young stars are trying to accrete material. This paper takes inventory of the combined effect from all the known massive stars that power the Carina Nebula through their total ionizing flux and integrated mechanical energy from their stellar winds. Carina is close enough and accessible enough that spectral types for individual stars are available, and many close binary and multiple systems have recently been spatially resolved, so that one can simply add them. Adopting values from the literature for corresponding spectral types, the present-day total ionizing photon luminosity produced by the 65 O stars and three WNL stars in Carina is QH≃ 1051/s, the total bolometric luminosity of all stars earlier than B2 is 2.5x107L☉, and the total mechanical luminosity of stellar winds is LSW≃ 105L☉. The total QHwas about 25 per cent higher when η Carinae was on the main sequence, before it and its companion were surrounded by its obscuring dust shell; for the first 3Myr, the net ionizing flux of the 70 O stars in Carina was about 150 times greater than in the Orion Nebula. About 400-500M☉has been contributed to the HII region by stellar wind mass-loss during the past 3Myr. Values for QHand LSWare also given for the individual clusters Tr14, 15 and 16, and Bo10 and 11, which are more relevant on smaller spatial scales than the total values for the whole nebula.

Abstract Copyright: 2006 The Author. Journal compilation © 2006 RAS

Journal keyword(s): stars: early-type - stars: formation - stars: winds, outflows - ISM: bubbles - HII regions - ISM: individual: NGC 3372

Errata: erratum vol. 368, p. 1983 (2006)

Simbad objects: 133

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Number of rows : 133
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2024 		#notes
1 NAME LMC G 05 23 34.6 -69 45 22     0.4     ~ 17428 0
2 M 42 HII 05 35 17 -05 23.4           ~ 4074 0
3 NAME Ori A MoC 05 38 -07.1           ~ 3011 0
4 RMC 136 Cl* 05 38 42.396 -69 06 03.36   5.81 5.40     ~ 2018 2
5 HD 302989 * 10 30 15.4050012264 -59 00 25.410486888 11.57 11.43 11.16     A 10 0
6 NGC 3293 OpC 10 35 52.8 -58 13 52           ~ 312 0
7 NGC 3324 OpC 10 37 21.8 -58 36 54           ~ 129 1
8 HD 92725 * 10 41 08.9913097848 -59 14 52.002911472 7.57 8.93 8.70 9.10   B0/2(III) 31 0
9 HD 92740 WR* 10 41 17.5158425712 -59 40 36.895992960 5.68 6.50 6.42 7.38   WN7h+O9III-V 412 0
10 HD 92759 Be* 10 41 21.3135142056 -57 39 51.457740768 9.09 9.78 9.55 9.97   B2Ve 33 0
11 HD 303190 * 10 41 23.1674911344 -59 09 18.808988076 9.58 10.25 10.16 10.35   B1V 21 0
12 HD 92809 WR* 10 41 38.3243333544 -58 46 18.723223308 8.95 9.28 9.03 9.60   WC6 156 0
13 HD 92852 * 10 41 54.2042438376 -59 06 36.468001692   9.59 9.73     B2V 26 0
14 CPD-58 2563 * 10 42 11.6988404976 -59 08 29.307530184 9.99 10.68 10.54 10.67   B1Vn 21 0
15 HD 303297 SB* 10 42 13.3271967048 -59 09 46.776613788 8.78 9.61 9.49 9.90   B1III 32 0
16 Cl Bochum 10 OpC 10 42 14.2 -59 08 44   6.40 6.2     ~ 82 0
17 HD 92894 * 10 42 15.8245629528 -59 08 13.958305224 8.75 9.57 9.38 9.80   B1III 36 0
18 HD 303296 bC? 10 42 25.0359988968 -59 09 24.497727804 8.89 9.69 9.55 9.93   B1III 37 0
19 HD 92964 s*b 10 42 40.5664557600 -59 12 56.730301164 5.12 5.78 5.51 5.30 5.00 B2.5Ia 148 0
20 CPD-58 2582 * 10 42 44.0601643104 -59 07 07.516367580 10.16 10.86 10.74 10.88   B0.5IV/Vne 21 0
21 HD 93002 * 10 43 04.1359995648 -59 04 59.783137788 8.76 9.56 9.45 9.89   B2III 33 0
22 HD 93028 SB* 10 43 15.3393101352 -60 12 04.231982304 7.29 8.24 8.30 9.26   O9IV 169 0
23 HD 93027 Y*O 10 43 17.9451218184 -60 08 03.279537240 7.86 8.72 8.72 9.48   O9.5IV 81 0
24 CD-58 3524 s*b 10 43 33.3506407920 -59 35 11.148512172 10.084 10.583 10.074 10.09 9.218 B1Ia 35 0
25 Cl Trumpler 14 27 SB* 10 43 43.8836722848 -59 33 46.270987560 10.979 11.539 11.219 11.13 10.62 B1.5V 38 0
26 HD 305518 * 10 43 44.0079168072 -59 48 17.844354720 9.50 10.09 9.719 9.90 9.195 O9.7III 55 0
27 CD-58 3526 Y*? 10 43 46.6855999968 -59 32 54.846500640 9.161 9.884 9.593 9.84 9.13 O6V((f))z 70 0
28 Cl Trumpler 14 21 SB* 10 43 48.6941418096 -59 33 24.351520752 10.467 11.122 10.774   10.106 O9V 47 0
29 HD 93131 WR* 10 43 52.2579213120 -60 07 04.019676456 5.52 6.43 6.48 7.46   WN6ha-w 298 0
30 Cl Trumpler 14 5 * 10 43 53.6203837896 -59 33 28.513930068 11.046 11.631 11.302 11.20 10.65 B0.2V 28 0
31 HD 93128 SB* 10 43 54.3957741024 -59 32 57.497266716 8.82 8.97 8.77 9.40 8.71 O3.5V((fc))z 103 1
32 Cl Trumpler 14 4 * 10 43 55.2014351136 -59 33 14.826809592 10.615 11.321 11.039   10.477 B0V 37 0
33 Cl Trumpler 14 OpC 10 43 56.6 -59 33 11   5.70 5.5     ~ 509 0
34 HD 93129A SB* 10 43 57.4587319296 -59 32 51.394897284 6.46 7.478 7.310 7.84   O2If* 169 0
35 HD 93129 ** 10 43 57.462360 -59 32 51.27000 6.26 7.840 7.884 7.839   O2If*+O3.5V((f)) 204 1
36 Cl Trumpler 14 6 Y*? 10 43 57.5626033368 -59 33 38.648795904 10.616 11.329 11.121   10.663 B1V 35 0
37 HD 93129B Y*? 10 43 57.6453994104 -59 32 53.765064780   10.40 8.84     O3.5V((f)) 72 0
38 Cl Trumpler 14 18 * 10 43 57.9420708960 -59 33 53.803776276 11.648 12.206 11.904   11.323 B2V 29 0
39 Cl Trumpler 16 126 Y*? 10 43 59.8535638152 -59 35 24.375058260 10.848 11.354 10.920 10.73 10.13 B0.7V 25 1
40 Cl Collinder 228 OpC 10 44 00 -60 05.2           ~ 207 0
41 HD 93146 ** 10 44 00.13416 -60 05 08.7396           O6V+O9.5V 85 0
42 HD 93146A * 10 44 00.1579435416 -60 05 09.880180368 7.57 8.45 8.47 9.281   O7V((f))z 85 0
43 V* V661 Car EB* 10 44 00.3711575208 -59 52 27.521778900 7.60 8.31 8.04 8.75   O6.5III(f) 143 0
44 CPD-58 2625 * 10 44 00.9232424712 -59 35 45.798105192 10.425 11.050 10.670   9.958 O9.2V 46 1
45 Cl Trumpler 16 124 Y*? 10 44 05.8192228848 -59 35 11.699371680 10.711 11.349 11.092   10.598 B1V 32 1
46 HD 93160 SB* 10 44 07.2603347496 -59 34 30.623536272 7.27 7.99 7.60 8.46   O7III((f)) 114 0
47 HD 93161 SB* 10 44 08.972 -59 34 34.88 7.39 7.96 7.87     O8V+O9V+O6.5(f) 94 0
48 HD 93162 WR* 10 44 10.3890266112 -59 43 11.106500520 7.90 8.55 8.80 8.66   O2.5If*/WN6+OB 360 0
49 HD 305536 Y*O 10 44 11.0717950440 -60 03 21.545490888 8.17 8.99 8.971 9.57   O9.5V 53 0
50 Cl Trumpler 16 244 * 10 44 13.1976537888 -59 43 10.249065660 11.033 11.507 10.709 10.25 9.33 O3.5If*Nwk 36 1
51 Cl Trumpler 16 245 * 10 44 13.8080370336 -59 42 57.010898196 12.290 12.832 12.333   11.137 B0V+B1V: 23 0
52 HD 93190 Be* 10 44 19.6107364872 -59 16 58.802853324 8.12 9.10 8.84 9.24   O9.7:V:(n)e 60 0
53 CPD-59 2571 Y*O 10 44 22.5135812280 -59 39 25.518245796 10.648 11.340 11.196   10.885 B3V 29 0
54 HD 93206 EB* 10 44 22.9085235888 -59 59 35.970489960 5.53 6.37 6.24 7.42   O9.7Ibn 215 0
55 Cl Trumpler 16 122 * 10 44 25.4911401096 -59 33 09.430138512 10.954 11.560 11.342   10.937 B1.5V 25 1
56 CD-59 3288 * 10 44 26.4825359856 -59 41 02.697054828 9.401 9.979 9.842 10.074 9.682 B1.5V 37 0
57 CPD-58 2644 * 10 44 29.1007818144 -59 20 04.970283396 10.17 10.86 10.64 10.75   B1III 24 0
58 CPD-58 2648 * 10 44 29.4222601584 -59 38 37.759085232 11.130 11.795 11.496   10.954 B1III 26 0
59 CPD-58 2649 SB* 10 44 30.364680 -59 37 26.48100 9.500 10.151 9.842 9.965 9.317 O7V+O8V 42 0
60 CPD-59 2581 * 10 44 30.4895570400 -59 41 40.465347792 10.361 11.077 10.861   10.465 B1V 28 0
61 CPD-58 2647 SB* 10 44 30.7649602272 -59 21 26.067295872 10.88 11.38 11.12 11.26 10.687 B2III 25 0
62 HD 93204 EB* 10 44 32.3390794992 -59 44 31.020804780 7.63 8.52 8.42 8.20 7.92 O5.5V((f)) 191 0
63 CPD-59 2583 Y*O 10 44 32.8936828008 -59 40 25.916315016 10.369 11.057 10.882   10.522 B1V 32 0
64 V* V560 Car SB* 10 44 33.7393258944 -59 44 15.434446956 6.89 7.80 7.75 7.56 7.46 O3.5V((f))+O8V 301 0
65 Cl Trumpler 15 20 Y*? 10 44 35.1060059352 -59 23 28.166456976   12.99 12.70     O9V: 17 0
66 Cl Trumpler 15 19 Y*? 10 44 35.9168086776 -59 23 35.636100108   13.01 12.71     B2V 19 0
67 HD 93222 Y*O 10 44 36.2481200208 -60 05 28.890759120 7.26 8.18 8.10 8.91   O7V((f))z 198 0
68 Cl Trumpler 15 18 * 10 44 36.3461573784 -59 24 20.440188252 12.3 12.39 11.28     B1Ia 20 0
69 CPD-59 2591 * 10 44 36.7048192536 -59 47 29.696644860 10.726 11.312 10.851   9.975 O8.5V+B0.5:V: 45 0
70 Cl Trumpler 16 14 Y*O 10 44 37.1725082376 -59 40 01.309453248 11.468 12.039 11.682   11.025 B1V 29 0
71 HD 303311 SB* 10 44 37.4602634976 -59 32 55.460525100 8.30 9.042 8.979 9.58 9.09 O6V((f))z 84 0
72 Cl Trumpler 15 21 * 10 44 37.6624042152 -59 23 07.188686304   13.38 13.13     B1V: 15 0
73 CPD-59 2595 SB* 10 44 38.6631398184 -59 48 14.152220316 9.644 10.222 10.161   9.995 B2V 34 0
74 Cl Collinder 232 OpC 10 44 39.00 -59 33 36.0           ~ 67 0
75 CPD-59 2598 * 10 44 40.3145381832 -59 41 48.828140520 10.455 11.045 10.753 10.72 10.271 B0V 37 0
76 Cl Trumpler 15 4 Y*O 10 44 40.5815183736 -59 21 13.781611980 10.58 11.21 10.95 11.02   B1Vn 19 0
77 CPD-58 2653 ** 10 44 40.631664 -59 22 28.47900 10.36 10.822 10.347 10.530   B2V 14 0
78 CD-59 3300 * 10 44 41.7962304024 -59 46 56.405228916 8.07 8.79 8.57 9.33   O6V((f)) 141 0
79 CPD-58 2655 Y*? 10 44 42.1293275376 -59 22 30.573769368 10.45 10.93 10.69 10.884   B1V 25 0
80 CPD-58 2656 * 10 44 42.3352767192 -59 23 03.847424676   10.29 10.05 10.15   B1V 29 0
81 Cl Trumpler 15 9 Y*? 10 44 42.3536401800 -59 22 02.975518920   12.94 12.59     B2V 18 0
82 Cl Trumpler 15 OpC 10 44 42.5 -59 22 08           ~ 215 0
83 CPD-58 2657 * 10 44 42.7572866304 -59 21 50.949886644 10.37 10.78 10.43 10.53   B2.5Vn 16 0
84 Cl Trumpler 15 2 Y*? 10 44 43.7535299928 -59 21 17.284005828 8.94 9.67 9.47     B0V 27 0
85 HD 93249 Y*? 10 44 43.8755766936 -59 21 25.141338252 7.75 8.78 8.20 9.20   O9III 96 0
86 Cl Trumpler 15 3 * 10 44 44.4741372360 -59 21 32.808833280 10.21 10.86 10.570   10.20 B2Vn 17 0
87 HD 93250 * 10 44 45.0275085072 -59 33 54.680974848 6.73 8.12 7.50 8.38   O4III(fc) 315 0
88 CPD-58 2662 * 10 44 46.5219462024 -59 21 53.862517980   11.83 11.55     B2V 16 0
89 V* RT Car s*r 10 44 47.1481707768 -59 24 48.122847360   10.62 8.551     M2+Iab 79 0
90 V* V572 Car EB* 10 44 47.3048862456 -59 43 53.277923784 8.17 8.96 8.81 9.45   O7.5V(n)z+B0V(n) 172 1
91 CPD-58 2667 * 10 44 53.7609421824 -59 37 48.198394740 11.430 11.851 11.425   10.704 B2III 21 0
92 CPD-59 2606 * 10 44 54.0636121968 -59 41 29.400907740 10.496 11.168 10.905   10.490 B1V 32 0
93 Cl Trumpler 16 31 Y*? 10 44 56.2713895896 -59 33 03.505993308 9.999 10.705 10.472   10.028 B2V 29 0
94 Cl Trumpler 16 OpC 10 45 00.7 -59 42 00           ~ 484 0
95 CPD-59 2619 V* 10 45 02.1852042576 -59 42 01.145719332 10.764 11.428 11.173   10.714 B1V 30 0
96 NGC 3372 HII 10 45 02.23 -59 41 59.8           ~ 1014 2
97 CPD-59 2622 * 10 45 03.1575196032 -59 40 12.521635788 10.169 10.921 10.751 10.56 10.476 B0.5V 31 0
98 NAME Homunculus Nebula ISM 10 45 03.5 -59 41 04           ~ 369 1
99 * eta Car Em* 10 45 03.545808 -59 41 03.95124 6.37 7.03 6.48 6.123 4.41 LBV 2437 0
100 CPD-59 2626 * 10 45 05.8006619760 -59 45 19.624746096 9.792 10.389 9.995 10.03 9.228 O7.5V(n)z 62 0
101 CPD-59 2624 SB* 10 45 05.8358470968 -59 43 07.684616964 9.324 10.018 9.740   9.221 O9.7IV 59 0
102 CPD-59 2625 * 10 45 05.8757742144 -59 44 18.801774780 11.092 11.698 11.506   11.115 B2V 31 0
103 HD 303308 ** 10 45 05.9147911152 -59 40 05.925360036 7.45 8.30 8.17 7.92 7.75 O4.5V((fc)) 300 0
104 CPD-59 2627 * 10 45 06.7193609928 -59 41 56.560947828 9.606 10.343 10.116   9.685 O9.5V 55 0
105 CPD-59 2628 EB* 10 45 08.2244134080 -59 40 49.413975060 8.791 9.571 9.460 9.87 9.219 O9.5V(n)+B0.5V(n) 82 0
106 CPD-59 2629 EB* 10 45 08.2352224872 -59 46 06.976659612 10.780 11.336 10.848   9.971 O8.5Vp 71 0
107 Cl Trumpler 16 37 * 10 45 08.9351375664 -59 40 40.501583076 12.792 13.132 12.898 13.14 12.31 B5: 15 0
108 Cl Trumpler 16 74 * 10 45 09.7364679408 -59 42 57.144017088 11.270 11.889 11.613   11.092 B1V 29 0
109 CPD-59 2632 SB* 10 45 11.1814992264 -59 41 11.202110340 10.207 10.943 10.797   10.494 B1V 39 0
110 HD 93343 EB* 10 45 12.2210285688 -59 45 00.441008892 9.01 9.76 9.558 9.17 8.76 O8Vz 86 0
111 Cl Trumpler 16 76 * 10 45 12.6489217848 -59 42 48.727620612 11.086 11.573 11.123   10.373 B2:V 22 0
112 V* V731 Car EB* 10 45 12.7214663496 -59 44 46.149112428 8.739 9.472 9.229 9.65 8.699 O8V(n)+O9.5V 93 0
113 CPD-59 2636 SB* 10 45 12.8686809888 -59 44 19.205057544 8.913 9.559 9.218   8.535 O8V+O8V 75 0
114 CPD-59 2640 * 10 45 16.5024476544 -59 39 56.677551264 10.464 11.154 11.005 11.05 10.66 B1.5V(n) 22 0
115 CD-59 3310 SB* 10 45 16.5181708560 -59 43 37.050828744 8.842 9.542 9.219 9.65 8.585 O6V((fc)) 91 0
116 HD 93342 * 10 45 17.5677901848 -59 23 37.473711036 9.23 9.85 9.26 9.49 8.865 B1Ia 52 0
117 CD-59 3312 * 10 45 20.5691164488 -59 42 51.240399480 9.420 10.203 10.032 10.12 9.632 O9V 50 0
118 CPD-58 2677 Y*? 10 45 22.1229273096 -59 37 38.370792792 11.276 11.874 11.574   11.059 B2III 24 0
119 HD 93403 SB* 10 45 44.1198371784 -59 24 28.153300860 6.72 8.46 8.27 8.35   O5.5III(fc)var 194 1
120 CPD-59 2661 Y*O 10 45 53.7131378088 -59 57 03.829825404 10.95 11.55 11.20 11.21   O9.5V 40 1
121 HD 305539 * 10 46 33.0589064424 -60 04 12.602965440 9.43 10.24 9.91 10.02 9.481 O8Vz 57 0
122 HD 303304 * 10 46 35.6884190496 -59 37 00.531636960 9.42 10.08 9.67 9.84   O7-8V 40 0
123 HD 93576 Y*O 10 46 53.8437858408 -60 04 41.892617316 9.13 9.88 9.62 9.88   O9.5IV(n) 53 0
124 HD 93632 * 10 47 12.6337916088 -60 05 50.814051396 7.89 8.69 9.10 9.04   O5Ifvar 91 0
125 CPD-59 2700 * 10 47 14.4326165688 -60 06 01.059387408 9.93 10.64 10.48 10.52   B0 26 0
126 Cl Bochum 11 OpC 10 47 15.2 -60 05 51           ~ 85 0
127 Cl Bochum 11 5 * 10 47 15.2916099138 -60 05 38.981399129           O9.7V 17 0
128 HD 305612 * 10 47 16.4260552848 -60 05 39.920241120 9.82   9.817 10.223   O8V(n)z 28 0
129 CPD-59 2704 SB* 10 47 22.1022760704 -60 05 57.657215364 10.73 11.50 11.30 11.27   B2V(e?) 28 0
130 NGC 3603 OpC 11 15 10.8 -61 15 32           ~ 1065 1
131 NAME Galactic Center reg 17 45 39.60213 -29 00 22.0000           ~ 14407 0
132 NAME Arches Cluster Cl* 17 45 50.5 -28 49 28           ~ 736 0
133 NAME Gould Belt PoG ~ ~           ~ 873 1

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