SIMBAD references

The puzzling detection of CaII ions at fairly high latitude (>30°) above the outer parts of the {beta} Pictoris circumstellar disk was recently reported. Surprisingly, this detection does not extend to NaI atoms, in contradiction with our modelling of the emission lines in and out of the mid-plane of the disk. We propose that the presence of these off-plane CaII ions (and to a lesser extent FeI atoms), and the non-detection of off-plane NaI atoms, could be the consequence of the evaporation process of Falling Evaporating Bodies (FEBs), i.e., star-grazing planetesimals that evaporate in the immediate vicinity of the star. Our model is two-fold. Firstly, we show numerically and theoretically that in the star-grazing regime, the FEBs are subject to inclination oscillations up to 30-40°, and that most metallic species released during each FEB sublimation keep track of their initial orbital inclination while starting a free expansion away from the star, blown out by a strong radiation pressure. Secondly, the off-plane CaII and FeI species must be stopped prior to their detection at rest with respect to the star, about 100AU away. We revisit the role of energetic collisional processes, and we investigate the possible influence of magnetic interactions. This dynamical process of inclination oscillations explains the presence of off-plane CaII (and FeI). It also accounts for the absence of NaI because once released by the FEBs, these atoms are quickly photoionized and no longer undergo any significant radiation pressure. Our numerical simulations demonstrate that the deceleration of metallic ions can be achieved very efficiently if the ions encounter a dilute neutral gaseous medium. The required HI column density is reduced to ∼10¹⁷cm^–2, one order of magnitude below present detection limits. We also investigate the possibility that the ions are slowed down magnetically. While the sole action of a magnetic field of the order of 1µG is not effective, the combined effect of magnetic and collisional deceleration processes lead to an additional lowering of the required HI column density by one order of magnitude.