SIMBAD references

Chemical models predict the presence of S-bearing molecules such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in interstellar icy grain mantles in dense molecular clouds. Up to now only two S-bearing molecules, namely sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and carbonyl sulfide (OCS), have been detected in the solid phase towards young stellar objects (YSOs), while upper limits for solid H₂S have been reported towards the same lines of sight. The estimated abundance of S-bearing molecules in icy grain mantles is not able to account for the cosmic S abundance. In this paper we studied the effects of ion irradiation on different icy targets formed by carbon monoxide (CO) and SO₂ or H₂S as mixtures and, for the first time, as layers. We carried out several irradiation experiments on ices containing SO₂ or H₂S mixed or layered with CO. The samples were irradiated with 200keV protons in a high-vacuum chamber (P<10^–7mbar) at a temperature of 16-20K. IR spectra of the samples were recorded after various steps of irradiation and after warm-up. We have found that the column density of H₂S and SO₂, as well as CO, decreases after irradiation, and the formation of new molecular species is observed. In the case of CO:SO₂ samples, OCS, sulfur trioxide (SO₃), ozone (O₃), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are the most abundant species formed. In the case of CO:H₂S samples the most abundant species formed are OCS, SO₂, carbon disulfide (CS₂), hydrogen persulfide (H₂S₂), and CO₂. The profile of the OCS band formed after irradiation of the CO:H₂S mixture compares well with the profile of the OCS band detected towards the high mass YSO W33A. Our results show that on a time scale comparable to the molecular cloud lifetime, the column density of H₂S is strongly reduced and we suggest that this could explain the failure of its detection in the solid phase in the lines of sight of YSOs. We suggest that the solid OCS and SO₂ detected in dense molecular clouds are formed after ion irradiation of icy grain mantles.