SIMBAD references

We conduct a detailed investigation of the properties of the stellar initial mass function (IMF) in two massive early-type lens galaxies with velocity dispersions of σ ≃ 245 and 325km/s, for which both Hubble Space Telescope imaging and X-Shooter spectra are available. We compare the inferences obtained from two fully independent methods: (i) a combined gravitational lensing and stellar dynamics (L&D) analysis of the data sets employing self-consistent axisymmetric models and (ii) a spectroscopic simple stellar population (SSP) analysis of optical line-strength indices, assuming single power-law IMFs. The results from the two approaches are found to be in agreement within the 1σ uncertainties. Both galaxies are consistent with having a Salpeter IMF (power-law slope of x = 2.35), which is strongly favoured over a Chabrier IMF (x = 1.8), with probabilities inferred from the joint analysis of 89 and 99 percent, respectively. Bottom-heavy IMFs significantly steeper than Salpeter (x ≥ 3.0) are ruled out with decisive evidence (Bayes factor B > 1000) for both galaxies, as they exceed the total mass derived from the L&D constraints. Our analysis allows, for the first time, the inference of the low-mass cut-off of the IMF (Mlow). Combining the joint L&D and SSP analyses of both galaxies, we infer an IMF slope of x = 2.22±0.14, consistent with Salpeter IMF and a low-mass limit Mlow = 0.13±0.03M_☉, just above the hydrogen burning limit.