2016MNRAS.458.2288S

Query : 2016MNRAS.458.2288S

2016MNRAS.458.2288S - Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 458, 2288-2302 (2016/May-3)

The dust covering factor in active galactic nuclei.

STALEVSKI M., RICCI C., UEDA Y., LIRA P., FRITZ J. and BAES M.

Abstract (from CDS):

The primary source of emission of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), the accretion disc, is surrounded by an optically and geometrically thick dusty structure ('the so-called dusty torus'). The infrared radiation emitted by the dust is nothing but a reprocessed fraction of the accretion disc emission, so the ratio of the torus to the AGN luminosity (Ltorus/LAGN) should corresponds to the fraction of the sky obscured by dust, i.e. the covering factor. We undertook a critical investigation of the Ltorus/LAGN as the dust covering factor proxy. Using state-of-the-art 3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer code, we calculated a grid of spectral energy distributions (SEDs) emitted by the clumpy two-phase dusty structure. With this grid of SEDs, we studied the relation between Ltorus/LAGN and the dust covering factor for different parameters of the torus. We found that in the case of type 1 AGNs the torus anisotropy makes Ltorus/LAGN underestimate low covering factors and overestimate high covering factors. In type 2 AGNs Ltorus/LAGN always underestimates covering factors. Our results provide a novel easy-to-use method to account for anisotropy and obtain correct covering factors. Using two samples from the literature, we demonstrated the importance of our result for inferring the obscured AGN fraction. We found that after the anisotropy is properly accounted for, the dust covering factors show very weak dependence on LAGN, with values in the range of ≃0.6-0.7. Our results also suggest a higher fraction of obscured AGNs at high luminosities than those found by X-ray surveys, in part owing to the presence of a Compton-thick AGN population predicted by population synthesis models.

Abstract Copyright: © 2016 The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society

Journal keyword(s): radiative transfer - galaxies: active - galaxies: nuclei - galaxies: Seyfert

Simbad objects: 1

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Number of rows : 1
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2024 		#notes
1 M 77 Sy2 02 42 40.7091669408 -00 00 47.859690204 9.70 9.61 8.87 10.1 9.9 ~ 4598 2

Query : 2016MNRAS.458.2288S

Basic data :
M 77 -- Seyfert 2 Galaxy
Origin of the objects types :

(Ref) Object type as listed in the reference "Ref"
(acronym) Object type linked to the acronym according to the original reference
() Anterior to 2007, before we can link the objet type to a reference, or given by the CDS team in some particular cases

Other object types: 		GiP (), Rad (BWE,3C,...), G (2011MNRAS,APG,...), X (1AXG,2E,...), AGN (2011ApJ,[HB91],...), gam (1FGL,2FGL,...), IR (IRAS,ISOSS,...), Sy2 (2012ApJ), QSO (QSO), EmG (SINGG), BL? (2021MNRAS), GiG ([CHM2007]), AG? (2020MNRAS), V* (AAVSO), * (Gaia), HI (HIPASS), cm (AT20G), MIR (WISE), Opt (SDSS)
Syntax of coordinates is : "ra dec (wtype) [error ellipse] quality bibcode" :
  • ra dec : right ascension and declination (unit and frame defined according to your Output Options)
    Grey values are increasing the original precision due to the computation of frame transformations
  • (wtype) : wavelength class for the origin of the coordinates (Rad, mm, IR, Optical, UV, Xray, Gam)
  • [error ellipse] : measurement uncertainty, on (ra,dec) if the positional angle is 90 degrees, on (majaxis,minaxis) otherwise (in mas at defined epoch in the original catalogue),
    position angle (in degrees North celestial pole to East)
  • quality : flag of quality
    • E ≥ 10"
    • D : 1-10" (and some old data)
    • C : 0.1-1"
    • B : 0.01-0.1" + 2MASS, Tyc
    • A : VLBI, Hipparcos
  • bibcode : bibcode of the coordinates reference
ICRS coord. (ep=J2000) : 		02 42 40.7091669408 -00 00 47.859690204 (Optical) [ 1.0630 1.3876 90 ] C 2020yCat.1350....0G
Syntax of coordinates is : "ra dec (wtype) [error ellipse] quality bibcode" :
  • ra dec : right ascension and declination (unit and frame defined according to your Output Options)
    Grey values are increasing the original precision due to the computation of frame transformations
  • (wtype) : wavelength class for the origin of the coordinates (Rad, mm, IR, Optical, UV, Xray, Gam)
  • [error ellipse] : measurement uncertainty, on (ra,dec) if the positional angle is 90 degrees, on (majaxis,minaxis) otherwise (in mas at defined epoch in the original catalogue),
    position angle (in degrees North celestial pole to East)
  • quality : flag of quality
    • E ≥ 10"
    • D : 1-10" (and some old data)
    • C : 0.1-1"
    • B : 0.01-0.1" + 2MASS, Tyc
    • A : VLBI, Hipparcos
  • bibcode : bibcode of the coordinates reference
FK4 coord. (ep=B1950 eq=1950) : 		02 40 07.0513071249 -00 13 31.728267587 [ 1.0630 1.3876 90 ]
Syntax of coordinates is : "ra dec (wtype) [error ellipse] quality bibcode" :
  • ra dec : right ascension and declination (unit and frame defined according to your Output Options)
    Grey values are increasing the original precision due to the computation of frame transformations
  • (wtype) : wavelength class for the origin of the coordinates (Rad, mm, IR, Optical, UV, Xray, Gam)
  • [error ellipse] : measurement uncertainty, on (ra,dec) if the positional angle is 90 degrees, on (majaxis,minaxis) otherwise (in mas at defined epoch in the original catalogue),
    position angle (in degrees North celestial pole to East)
  • quality : flag of quality
    • E ≥ 10"
    • D : 1-10" (and some old data)
    • C : 0.1-1"
    • B : 0.01-0.1" + 2MASS, Tyc
    • A : VLBI, Hipparcos
  • bibcode : bibcode of the coordinates reference
Gal coord. (ep=J2000) : 		172.1037082138010 -51.9337915309647 [ 1.0630 1.3876 90 ]
Syntax of radial velocity (or/and redshift) is : "value [error] (wavelength) quality bibcode"
  • value : radial velocity or/and redshift (Heliocentric frame) according to your Output Options
    (redshift may be not displayed if the data value is <0 and the database inside value is a radial velocity)
  • [error] : error of the corresponding value displayed before
  • (wavelength) : wavelength range of the measurement : Rad, mm, IR, Opt, UV, Xray, Gam or  '∼'(unknown)
  • quality : flag of quality ( A=best quality -> E=worst quality, ∼=unknown quality)
  • bibcode : bibcode of the value's origin
Radial velocity / Redshift / cz : 		V(km/s) 1043 [150] / z(emission) 0.00348372 [0.0005] / cz 1044.3930 [150]
   (Opt) C 2022ApJS..261....2K
Syntax of morphological type is : mtype quality bibcode
  • mtype : Hubble morphological class (spirals, ellipticals, etc)
  • quality : flag of quality (A=best quality -> E=worst quality, {� } =unknown quality)
  • bibcode : bibcode of the morphological type reference
Morphological type: 		SAb C 2015ApJS..217...27A
Syntax of angular size is : "maj-axis min-axis angle (wtype) quality bibcode"
  • maj-axis : major axis size (arc minutes)
  • min-axis : minor axis size (arc minutes)
  • angle : orientation angle (in degrees)
  • (wtype) : wavelength class for the origin of the angular size (Rad, mm, IR, Opt, UV, Xray, Gam)
  • quality : flag of quality of the angular size values ( A=best quality -> E=worst quality, {� } =unknown quality)
  • bibcode : bibcode of the angular size reference
Angular size (arcmin): 		6.92 6.03 72 (Opt) D 2003A&A...412...45P
Syntax of fluxes (or magnitudes) is : "filter-name (System) flux-value [error] quality MultVarFlags bibcode"
  • filter-name : U, B, V, R, I, G, J, H, K, u, g, r, i, z
  • (System) : may be AB (default is Vega)
  • flux-value : value of flux or magnitude
  • [error] : error value
  • quality : flag of quality of the flux value ( A=best quality -> E=worst quality, {� } =unknown quality)
  • MultVarFlags : Mult is zero or one char (J) for joined photometry ; Var can be zero or two chars (V[0-4])
  • bibcode : bibcode of the flux reference
Fluxes (14) :
U 9.70 [0.10] D 2007ApJS..173..185G
B 9.61 [0.10] D 2007ApJS..173..185G
V 8.87 [0.10] D 2007ApJS..173..185G
R 10.1 [~] D 2005MNRAS.361...34D
G 14.880334 [0.030911] C 2020yCat.1350....0G
I 9.9 [~] D 2005MNRAS.361...34D
J 6.966 [0.015] C 2006AJ....131.1163S
H 6.258 [0.015] C 2006AJ....131.1163S
K 5.788 [0.016] C 2006AJ....131.1163S
u (AB) 14.94 [0.01] D 2009ApJS..182..543A
g (AB) 10.087 [0.005] C 2009ApJS..182..543A
r (AB) 9.498 [0.007] C 2009ApJS..182..543A
i (AB) 9.254 [0.007] C 2009ApJS..182..543A
z (AB) 11.574 [0.006] C 2009ApJS..182..543A
SIMBAD within arcmin
', {sourceSize:12, color:'#30a090'})); aladin.on('objectClicked', function(object) { var objName=object.data.MAIN_ID; aladin.showPopup(object.ra,object.dec,'',''+ objName+''); });" title="Show Simbad objects"> Overlay Simbad points in this preview
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The search radius has to be specified by the user. It is currently limited to a maximum of 30 arcsec. It depends mostly on the precision or quality of the coordinates (SIMBAD and VizieR catalogs), the resolution of the images from which the sources were extracted, source extent, and source crowding.
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Some important notes on this object about identifications and objects associations.
notes:

Hierarchy : number of linked objects
whatever the membership probability is (see description here ) :

: 6
The count displayed here is the number of children objects.
The list obtained by clicking the button may be larger, as some children may be linked with different references or probability.

%This number is the number of distinct objets linked, by using this button, you will obtain all links (may be more than one) from that object to his children

: 25 		: 13 Display criteria :

The link on the acronym of the identifiers give access to the information for this acronym in the dictionary of nomenclature.
Identifiers (95) :
An access of full data is available using the icon Vizier near the identifier of the catalogue

M 77 INTREF 128 PMN J0242-0000 WISE J024240.69-000047.7
APG 37 IRAS 02401-0013 PSCz Q02401-0013 2XMM J024240.7-000046
AT20G J024240-000046 IRAS F02401-0013 QSO B0240-002 XSS J02445-0000
1AXG J024241-0000 ISOSS J02426-0000 RAFGL 4220 9Y-MST J0242+0001
BWE 0240-0013 1Jy 0240-002 RAFGL 4220S Z 388-98
3C 71 1Jy 0240-00 RBS 348 Z 0240.1-0013
3C 71.0 KUG 0240-002 1RXP J024240.9-000042 [CAB95] IRAS F02401-0013
4C -00.13 LEDA 10266 RX J024239-00000 [CHM2007] HDC 163 J024240.77-0000478
3CR 71 LHE 67 RX J0242.6+0000 [CHM2007] LDC 174 J024240.77-0000478
Cul 0240-002 2MASX J02424077-0000478 1RXS J024240.9-000046 [DML87] 57
DA 82 MCG+00-07-083 S3 0240-00 [HB91] 0240-002
6dFGS gJ024240.7-000048 MITG J024240-0000 SDSS J024240.70-000047.9 [KRL2007b] 25
2E 649 MRC 0240-002 SINGG HIPASS J0242+00 [M98c] 024006.5-001332
2E 0240.1-0013 MSH 02-0-14 SPASS J024245-000157 [NKB95] N1068
1ES 0240-00.2 NAICGB 0240-002 SWIFT J0242.6+0000 [OKM2018] SWIFT J0242.6+0000
1FGL J0242.7+0007 NAIC 0240-002 SWIFT J0242.9-0000 [SLK2004] 333
2FGL J0242.5+0006 NGC 1068 TC 656 [VV2000c] J024240.7-000047
3FGL J0242.7-0001 NRAO 112 TGSSADR J024240.7-000047 [VV2003c] J024240.7-000047
4FGL J0242.6-0000 NVSS J024240-000047 TXS 0240-002 [VV2006c] J024240.7-000047
3FHL J0242.7-0002 OHIO D -067 UGC 2188 [VV2010c] J024240.7-000047
FIRST J024240.7-000046 PBC J0242.7-0000 UZC J024240.7-000048 [VV98c] J024240.7-000047
GLEAM J024240-000041 PKS J0242-0000 VLSSr J024240.8-000044 AAVSO 0237-00
GRA B0240-00 PKS 0240-00 VLSS J0242.6-0000 Gaia DR3 2498700788995507712
HIPASS J0242+00 PKS 0240-002 WB 0240-0013

References (4598 between 1850 and 2024) (Total 4598)
Simbad bibliographic survey began in 1850 for stars (at least bright stars) and in 1983 for all other objects (outside the solar system).
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Collections of Measurements


velocities : 24    distance : 9   

   

Observing logs


herschel : 60    ISO : 44    IUE : 49    XMM : 2   

   

External archives :

Archive data at HEASARC - High-Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center

Data at NED - NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database : M 77

Link by name to the catalogue in VizieR :

APG 37 BWE 0240-0013 3C 71 3C 71.0 4C -00.13
3CR 71 2E 649 FIRST J024240.7-000046 HIPASS J0242+00 IRAS 02401-0013
IRAS F02401-0013 KUG 0240-002 2MASX J02424077-0000478 MITG J024240-0000 NGC 1068
NVSS J024240-000047 PKS J0242-0000 PKS 0240-00 PKS 0240-002 PMN J0242-0000
RAFGL 4220 RAFGL 4220S 1RXS J024240.9-000046 SDSS J024240.70-000047.9 UGC 2188
WISE J024240.69-000047.7 [DML87] 57 Gaia DR3 2498700788995507712

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