SIMBAD references

We present the results of clustering analyses of Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at z∼3, 4, and 5 using the final data release of the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey (CFHTLS). Deep- and wide-field images of the CFHTLS Deep Survey enable us to obtain sufficiently accurate two-point angular correlation functions to apply a halo occupation distribution analysis. The mean halo masses, calculated as <M_h>=10^11.7–10^12.8 h^–1 M_☉, increase with the stellar-mass limit of LBGs. The threshold halo mass to have a central galaxy, M_{min}, follows the same increasing trend as the low-z results, whereas the threshold halo mass to have a satellite galaxy, M₁, shows higher values at z=3–5 than z=0.5–1.5, over the entire stellar mass range. Satellite fractions of dropout galaxies, even at less massive halos, are found to drop sharply, from z = 2 down to less than 0.04, at z=3–5. These results suggest that satellite galaxies form inefficiently within dark halos at z=3–5, even for less massive satellites with M_* 10¹⁰ M_☉. We compute stellar-to-halo mass ratios (SHMRs) assuming a main sequence of galaxies, which is found to provide SHMRs consistent with those derived from a spectral energy distribution fitting method. The observed SHMRs are in good agreement with model predictions based on the abundance-matching method, within 1σ confidence intervals. We derive observationally, for the first time, M_h^pivot, which is the halo mass at a peak in the star-formation efficiency, at 3 z 5, and it shows a small increasing trend with cosmic time at z 3. In addition, M_h^pivot and its normalization are found to be almost unchanged during 0 z 5. Our study provides observational evidence that galaxy formation is ubiquitously most efficient near a halo mass of M_h∼10¹² M_☉ over cosmic time.