SIMBAD references

The dust-to-metals ratio describes the fraction of heavy elements contained in dust grains, and its variation provides key insights into the life cycle of dust. We measure the dust-to-metals ratio in M101, a nearby galaxy with a radial metallicity (Z) gradient spanning ∼1 dex. We fit the spectral energy distribution of dust from 100 to 500 µm with five variants of the modified blackbody dust emission model in which we vary the temperature distribution and how emissivity depends on wavelength. Among them, the model with a single-temperature blackbody modified by a broken power-law emissivity gives the statistically best fit and physically most plausible results. Using these results, we show that the dust-to-gas ratio is proportional to Z^1.7. This implies that the dust-to-metals ratio is not constant in M101, but decreases as a function of radius, which is equivalent to a lower fraction of metals trapped in dust at low metallicity (large radius). The dust-to-metals ratio in M101 remains at or above what would be predicted by the minimum depletion level of metals observed in the Milky Way. Our current knowledge of the metallicity-dependent CO-to-H₂ conversion factor suggests that variations in the conversion factor cannot be responsible for the trends in dust-to-metals ratio we observe. This change of dust-to-metals ratio is significantly correlated with the mass fraction of molecular hydrogen, which suggests that the accretion of gas-phase metals onto existing dust grains could contribute to a variable dust-to-metals ratio.