2018MNRAS.479.5657H

Query : 2018MNRAS.479.5657H

2018MNRAS.479.5657H - Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 479, 5657-5677 (2018/October-0)

Radio observations of planetary nebulae: no evidence for strong radial density gradients.

HAJDUK M., VAN HOOF P.A.M., SNIADKOWSKA K., KRANKOWSKI A., BLASZKIEWICZ L., DABROWSKI B. and ZIJLSTRA A.A.

Abstract (from CDS):

Radio-continuum observations trace the thermal emission of ionized plasma in planetary nebulae and bring useful information regarding nebular geometries. A model of a homogeneous sphere or shell cannot fit the nebular spectra and brightness temperatures. Two alternative models have been proposed in the literature: the first consists of two homogeneous components, while the other is a model of a shell with a significant radial density gradient. On the other hand, a prolate ellipsoidal shell model can fit the surface-brightness distribution of selected objects successfully. We verify the existing models using data collected in radio surveys covering a wide range of frequencies. In about 50 per cent of cases a density gradient can be excluded and none of the remaining objects could be confirmed. None of the observed planetary nebulae shows a spectral index of 0.6 in the optically thick part of the spectrum, which is the value predicted for a shell containing a strong radial density gradient. Radio spectra can be fitted with a model of a prolate ellipsoidal shell, but also by a shell containing temperature variations in planetary nebulae. At least eight planetary nebulae show two-component spectra, with one compact component showing much higher optical thickness than the other. Unexpectedly, the group of planetary nebulae with the lowest surface brightness shows non-negligible optical thickness. Their emission comes from compact and dense structures, comprising only a small part of the total nebular mass.

Abstract Copyright: © 2018 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society

Journal keyword(s): planetary nebulae: general - radio continuum: general - stars: AGB and post-AGB - stars: winds, outflows

Simbad objects: 114

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Number of rows : 114
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2024 		#notes
1 NGC 40 PN 00 13 01.0170097248 +72 31 19.033338720   11.63 11.46     [WC8] 617 2
2 PN Hu 1-1 PN 00 28 15.435 +55 57 54.48           ~ 161 1
3 NGC 246 PN 00 47 03.3420341616 -11 52 18.971126076 10.15 11.52 11.76 12.18   PG1159 475 0
4 M 76 PN 01 42 19.6557728208 +51 34 31.534970052     17.48   17.69 DOZ 374 2
5 IC 1747 PN 01 57 35.6899203048 +63 19 18.447328776   15.8 15.4     [WC4] 262 2
6 IC 289 PN 03 10 19.3015329024 +61 19 00.913523412   16.8       ~ 157 1
7 PN M 1-4 PN 03 41 43.4191369752 +52 17 00.267451836   15.86 14.27 15.26   ~ 120 1
8 IC 2003 PN 03 56 21.9884187048 +33 52 30.759977028   13.11 11.87 13.44   [WC3?] 252 0
9 NGC 1501 PN 04 06 59.3920909320 +60 55 14.278542024   15.17 13.0     [WO4] 296 1
10 NGC 1514 PN 04 09 16.9855873632 +30 46 33.470907708   10.01 9.48     sdO+A0/3III 334 2
11 PN M 2-2 PN 04 13 15.0286446504 +56 56 58.407808596           ~ 90 0
12 NGC 1535 PN 04 14 15.7689913368 -12 44 21.932484324   12.01 12.82     sdO3: 511 0
13 IC 418 PN 05 27 28.2059533560 -12 41 50.282287764   9.405 9.010 10.118   O7fp 1031 2
14 NGC 2022 PN 05 42 06.1904253312 +09 05 10.585995576   14.9 14.2     [WC] 362 0
15 PN M 1-5 PN 05 46 50.0119955400 +24 22 02.848049436           ~ 116 1
16 IC 2149 PN 05 56 23.9011721904 +46 06 17.204826816   11.21 11.35     O7.5 429 0
17 IC 2165 PN 06 21 42.7847803566 -12 59 14.040997076   12.146 10.782 12.305   ~ 375 0
18 PN VV 28 PN 06 25 57.2710426104 +17 47 27.136548168     12.5     [WC] 290 0
19 PN M 1-6 PN 06 35 45.1241072736 -00 05 37.396958568     15.84     O6-9I 116 1
20 NGC 2371 PN 07 25 34.6883929008 +29 29 26.430252072   14.48 13.5     Oe 367 0
21 NGC 2392 PN 07 29 10.7671398096 +20 54 42.474888072     9.68     O6f 723 1
22 NGC 2438 PN 07 41 50.5194253896 -14 44 07.470144744           ~ 285 3
23 NGC 2440 PN 07 41 55.4 -18 12 32   11.469 10.104     ~ 652 2
24 EM* AS 200 PN 08 28 27.9571309320 -39 23 40.041064644   12 14.00     [WC] 88 0
25 NGC 2610 PN 08 33 23.4238416720 -16 08 57.796735596   9.02   11.23   ~ 181 0
26 WRAY 16-23 PN 08 37 08.10 -39 25 07.0   14 15.59     ~ 79 0
27 EM* AS 204 PN 08 53 30.8813829000 -40 03 42.779700468     14.00     ~ 86 1
28 NGC 2867 PN 09 21 25.3832468160 -58 18 40.626683604   12.0 10.30     [WO2] 301 0
29 IC 2501 PN 09 38 47.1901701864 -60 05 30.807638520   11.7 10     O3-6 181 0
30 NGC 3132 PN 10 07 01.7656422504 -40 26 11.130553032   10.14 10.01     A2V 393 1
31 PN My 59 PN 10 23 09.1381004472 -60 32 42.103742784           O(H)7-9I 131 1
32 NGC 3242 PN 10 24 46.1335521792 -18 38 32.296857792   11.83 12.15     ~ 819 1
33 IC 2621 PN 11 00 20.028432 -65 14 57.82920   12.923 11.424 13.309   wels 131 0
34 M 97 PN 11 14 47.7122947800 +55 01 08.482832076   15.414 15.777 15.960 16.194 ~ 343 1
35 NGC 3918 PN 11 50 17.7709504944 -57 10 57.017302428   10.0 8.5     ~ 381 0
36 NGC 4361 PN 12 24 30.7510527528 -18 47 05.567336304   12.8 13.2     [WC] 394 1
37 IC 3568 PN 12 33 06.8549162136 +82 33 50.202643608   11.809 10.730 12.651   ~ 399 0
38 NGC 5307 PN 13 51 03.2580878376 -51 12 20.835744984   11.5 10     O3.5V 176 0
39 NGC 5315 PN 13 53 56.9726795664 -66 30 50.859483264   14.58 14.40     [WO4] 309 0
40 WRAY 15-1269 PN 14 59 53.4819371136 -54 18 07.521138792 12.12 12.17 11.64 11.63   [WC11] 248 0
41 WRAY 16-198 PN 15 59 57.6368189878 -55 55 33.002692934           [WC9] 134 1
42 IC 4593 PN 16 11 44.5479462840 +12 04 17.031388584   10.91 10.84     O7fp 453 0
43 NGC 6072 PN 16 12 58.3635385680 -36 13 47.395106184     12.10     ~ 174 0
44 NGC 6153 PN 16 31 30.5708444544 -40 15 12.646208700   10.7 15.55     ~ 303 0
45 NGC 6210 PN 16 44 29.5191019368 +23 47 59.421958296   12.3 11.7     Of/[WR] 587 0
46 IC 4634 PN 17 01 33.5816774904 -21 49 33.015515916   12.3 11.3     O3If 278 0
47 NGC 6302 PN 17 13 44.5 -37 06 11           O-rich 795 1
48 NGC 6309 PN 17 14 04.3074600360 -12 54 37.893271860   11.6       O(He) 312 1
49 PN H 1-13 PN 17 28 27.5798073216 -35 07 31.602231048     14     ~ 63 0
50 NGC 6369 PN 17 29 20.4566510904 -23 45 34.771819248   16.6 12.00     [WC4] 317 0
51 PN Hb 4 PN 17 41 52.8002065320 -24 42 08.330663196   18.4 17     [WC4] 219 1
52 PN Hb 5 PN 17 47 56.20 -29 59 39.6   10.50 10.78     ~ 266 0
53 NGC 6445 PN 17 49 15.0282384611 -20 00 34.159640072   18.9       ~ 293 0
54 NGC 6543 PN 17 58 33.4039587288 +66 37 58.750734000   11.09 11.28     [WC] 1170 1
55 NGC 6537 PN 18 05 13.104 -19 50 34.88     13.58     ~ 426 1
56 PN M 1-40 PN 18 08 25.989 -22 16 52.93   11       ~ 117 1
57 PN M 1-41 PN 18 09 30.10 -24 12 26.0     15.00     ~ 67 0
58 NGC 6572 PN 18 12 06.3181909152 +06 51 13.027935240   9.3 10.8     [WC] 753 0
59 PN SwSt 1 PN 18 16 12.2834104368 -30 52 07.906578996   12.1 11.10     [WC9/10] 294 0
60 NGC 6578 PN 18 16 16.517 -20 27 02.67           [WC4/6] 203 0
61 PN Cn 3-1 PN 18 17 34.1015035728 +10 09 03.304908396   12.93 12.49 12.35   07Ib(f) 219 0
62 NGC 6629 PN 18 25 42.4541775576 -23 12 10.551587436   11.90 9.9     [WC5/6] 265 0
63 PN M 2-43 PN 18 26 40.0500205632 -02 42 57.364170912     15.7     [WC7/8] 120 0
64 PN M 1-51 PN 18 33 29.05 -11 07 26.5           [WC4/6] 91 1
65 PN M 1-59 PN 18 43 20.20 -09 04 49.1           ~ 98 1
66 PN M 1-61 PN 18 45 55.12 -14 27 37.9           ~ 108 0
67 PN Hu 2-1 PN 18 49 47.5610183328 +20 50 39.396894756   12.369 11.126 12.30   ~ 278 0
68 M 57 PN 18 53 35.0967659112 +33 01 44.883287544   15.405 15.769 15.901 16.062 DA(O?) 831 2
69 PN K 3-17 PN 18 56 18.164 +07 07 25.88           ~ 67 1
70 PN M 1-66 PN 18 58 26.24 -01 03 45.6           ~ 51 1
71 NGC 6741 PN 19 02 37.10 -00 26 56.7     9.6     ~ 346 0
72 PN A66 53 PN 19 06 45.910 +06 23 52.47           ~ 58 0
73 EM* AS 345 PN 19 14 04.1376219912 +17 31 33.124452240   11       ~ 45 0
74 NGC 6781 PN 19 18 28.085 +06 32 19.29     11.8     ~ 261 0
75 NGC 6790 PN 19 22 56.972976 +01 30 46.40112   12.247 10.504 12.684   wels 322 0
76 PN Vy 2-2 PN 19 24 22.2390166933 +09 53 56.259102426   14.02 12.65 13.38   O-rich 261 0
77 PN K 3-35 PN 19 27 43.9749997920 +21 30 02.907990216           O-rich 149 0
78 PN PB 10 PN 19 28 14.487 +12 19 37.11           ~ 38 1
79 NGC 6803 PN 19 31 16.4826019750 +10 03 21.620200381   13.034 11.616 13.242   ~ 248 0
80 NGC 6804 PN 19 31 35.1453655872 +09 13 31.298620188   13.4 13.4     ~ 215 1
81 HD 184738 PN 19 34 45.2337620448 +30 30 58.950651240   10.41 10.44     [WC9] 952 0
82 PN M 1-71 PN 19 36 26.9207484077 +19 42 24.018831075           [WC] 87 1
83 PN M 1-73 PN 19 41 09.2937490896 +14 56 58.980006096           O3.5If 80 1
84 NGC 6818 PN 19 43 58.022 -14 09 13.44     9.3     ~ 346 1
85 NGC 6826 PN 19 44 48.1500225888 +50 31 30.249034932   9.779 9.359 10.775   O3f(H) 719 0
86 Hen 2-447 PN 19 45 22.1637025776 +21 20 03.923253024   11.49 11.04     ~ 56 1
87 NGC 6842 PN 19 55 02.1 +29 17 22     16.0     ~ 104 1
88 EM* AS 375 PN 19 59 18.014 +31 54 39.14           ~ 48 0
89 PN K 3-52 PN 20 03 11.44 +30 32 34.1           ~ 43 0
90 PN M 1-75 PN 20 04 44.1 +31 27 28           ~ 97 1
91 PN K 3-55 PN 20 06 56.2756808832 +32 16 37.344147528           ~ 40 1
92 NGC 6884 PN 20 10 23.6424784416 +46 27 39.631794408   11.9 10.9     ~ 314 1
93 NGC 6881 PN 20 10 52.45 +37 24 42.4           ~ 207 0
94 NGC 6886 PN 20 12 42.83016 +19 59 22.6320   13.053 11.719     ~ 320 1
95 PN K 3-57 PN 20 12 47.725 +34 20 32.79           ~ 36 0
96 Hen 2-459 PN 20 13 57.8909464128 +29 33 55.874044764   14.10 12.67     [WC9] 102 0
97 NGC 6891 PN 20 15 08.8435405584 +12 42 15.584146740   12.11 12.51     O3Ib(f*) 395 0
98 NGC 6894 PN 20 16 23.965 +30 33 53.17           ~ 199 0
99 IC 4997 PN 20 20 08.7557973960 +16 43 53.698933380   11.94 11.15     [WC7/8] 544 0
100 PN M 3-35 PN 20 21 03.7631843136 +32 29 24.005231700   15.56 15.30     ~ 95 0
101 NGC 6905 PN 20 22 22.9919225472 +20 06 16.285052088   16.3 14.5     [WC3] 346 0
102 NGC 7008 PN 21 00 32.817600 +54 32 35.37600       13.21   ~ 240 1
103 NGC 7009 PN 21 04 10.8155187648 -11 21 48.580157556   12.48 12.07     ~ 996 1
104 NGC 7026 PN 21 06 18.5723414928 +47 51 06.774735780   15.33 15.1     [WC3] 418 1
105 NGC 7027 PN 21 07 01.571952 +42 14 10.47120   10.358 8.831 10.157   ~ 2459 1
106 NGC 7048 PN 21 14 15.1876901775 +46 17 17.103824106           ~ 132 1
107 PN K 3-62 PN 21 31 50.1857850312 +52 33 51.571785996           ~ 82 1
108 IC 5117 PN 21 32 30.96912 +44 35 47.5404           ~ 301 1
109 PN Hu 1-2 PN 21 33 08.3106242400 +39 38 09.554428752     12.0     ~ 286 1
110 PN Bl 2-1 PN 22 20 16.62720 +58 14 16.5624           ~ 49 1
111 IC 5217 PN 22 23 55.7180137224 +50 58 00.464340252     15.5     [WC7] 306 0
112 PN Me 2-2 PN 22 31 43.6753782000 +47 48 03.836846628   9.3       ~ 154 0
113 NGC 7354 PN 22 40 19.8733664208 +61 17 08.746685772           ~ 277 1
114 NGC 7662 PN 23 25 53.8318792825 +42 32 05.835828380       11.427   ~ 926 0

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