2018MNRAS.480.1106C

The Balmer emission originated in the broad-line region (BLR) of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) could be either weak and difficult to detect, or even absent, for low-luminosity AGNs, as low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs). Our goals in this paper are threefold. First, we want to explore the AGN nature of nearby type-1 LINERs. Secondly, we aim at deriving a reliable interpretation for the different components of emission lines by studying their kinematics and ionization mechanism. Thirdly, we intend to probe the neutral gas in the nuclei of these LINERs. We study the 22 local (z < 0.025) type-1 LINERs from the Palomar survey, on the basis of optical ground- and space-based long-slit spectroscopic observations taken with the TWIN spectrograph at Calar Alto Observatory (CAHA) and ALFOSC/NOT (Andalucia Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera/2.6 m North Optical Telescope). Kinematics and fluxes of a set of emission lines, from Hβλ4861 to [S II] λλ6716, 6731, and the NaD λλ5890, 5896 doublet in absorption have been modelled and measured, after the subtraction of the underlying starlight. We also use ancillary spectroscopic data from HST/STIS (Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph). We found that the broad H α component is sometimes elusive in our ground-based spectroscopy, whereas it is ubiquitous for space-based data. By combining optical diagnostic diagrams, theoretical models [for AGNs, post-asymptotic giant branch (pAGB) stars, and shocks] and the weak/strong-[O I] classification, we exclude the pAGB star scenario in favour of the AGN as the dominant mechanism of ionization in these LINERs, being shocks however relevant. The kinematical properties of the emission lines may indicate the presence of ionized outflows, preferentially seen in [O I]. However, the neutral gas outflows, diagnosed by NaD, would appear to be less frequent.