SIMBAD references

The solar radiation focusing effect is related to the specific phenomenon of propagation of the Sun-emitted HF and VHF waves through terrestrial ionosphere. This natural effect is observed with ground-based radio instruments running within the 10-200 MHz range as distinctive patterns-the spectral caustics (SCs)-on the solar dynamic spectra. It has been suggested that SCs are associated with medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). In this paper, we present the first direct observations of SCs induced by MSTIDs, using solar dynamic spectra with SCs obtained by different European radio telescopes on 2014 January 8 and simultaneous two-dimensional detrended total electron content (dTEC) maps over Europe. Spatial examination of dTEC maps as well as precise timing analysis of the maps and the dynamic spectra have been performed. First, we found several pairs of one-to-one (TID-SC) correspondences. The study provides strong observational evidence supporting the suggestion that MSTIDs are the cause of SCs.