SIMBAD references

Exploring diverse planetary atmospheres requires modeling tools that are both accurate and flexible. Here, we develop a three-dimensional general circulation model (3D GCM) that, for the first time, uses a line-by-line approach to describe the radiative transfer. We validate our GCM by comparing with published results done by different 1D and 3D models. To demonstrate the versatility of the model, we apply the GCM to the hot Earth-sized exoplanet GJ 1132b and study its climate and circulation assuming an atmosphere dominated by abiotic oxygen (O₂). Our simulations show that a minor CO₂ composition can change the circulation pattern substantially, intensifying the equatorial superrotation in particular. Computation of the phase-resolved spectroscopy indicates that the vertical profile of the superrotating jet could be inferred in future spectrophotometric observations by the phase shift of the hotspot in the CO₂ principle absorption band centered at 667 cm^–1. We also show that atmospheric mass could potentially be constrained by the phase amplitude in the O₂ vibrational fundamental band for planets with O₂-rich atmospheres, although further experimental and/or theoretical O₂-O₂ collision-induced absorption data at high temperatures is needed to confirm this. More physical schemes, such as moist dynamics, will be implemented in the GCM in the future so that it can be used to tackle a wide variety of planetary climate problems.