SIMBAD references

In this work the optical properties of amorphous carbon (amC) dust condensed around carbon(C)-stars are constrained by comparing the observations for the Large Magellanic Cloud C-stars from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) and from the Gaia data release 2 (DR2) with the synthetic photometry obtained by computing dust growth and radiative transfer in their circumstellar envelopes. The set of optical constants of amC dust considered have been pre-selected according to their ability to reproduce the infrared colour-colour diagrams in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Only two combinations of the optical data set and grain size are able to reproduce the infrared photometry and the Gaia observations simultaneously. The analysis presented provides information about the properties of amC dust grains that might be characterized by a diamond-like structure, rather than a graphite-like one, at least around the most dust-enshrouded C-stars, or be composed of 'small' grains of size less than 0.04 µm. The selected data sets will be adopted to compute grids of spectra as a function of the stellar parameters that will be employed to estimate the dust return and mass-loss rates of C-stars by fitting their spectral energy distribution, and to study the resolved stellar populations of nearby objects.