SIMBAD references

Stars can be consumed (either tidally disrupted or swallowed whole) by massive black holes (MBHs) at galactic centers when they move into the vicinity of the MBHs. In this study, we investigate the rates of stellar consumption by central MBHs and their cosmic distributions, including the effects of triaxial galaxy shapes in enhancing the reservoir of low-angular-momentum stars and incorporating realistic galaxy distributions. We find that the enhancement in the stellar consumption rates due to triaxial galaxy shapes can be significant, by a factor of ∼3 for MBH mass M_BH∼10⁵-10⁶M_☉ and up to more than one order of magnitude for M_BH≳10⁸M_☉. Only for M_BH≲10⁷M_☉ are the stellar consumption rates significantly higher in galaxies with steeper inner surface brightness profiles. The average (per galaxy) stellar consumption rates correlate with central MBH masses positively for M_BH≳10⁷M_☉ and negatively for M_BH≲10⁷M_☉. The volumetric stellar tidal disruption rates are ∼3×10^–5yr^–1Mpc^–3 for MBHs in the mass range 10⁵-10⁸M_☉ at z = 0; and the volumetric stellar consumption rates by MBHs with higher masses are ∼10^–6yr^–1Mpc^–3, which can be the stellar tidal disruption rate if the high-mass BHs are extremely spinning Kerr BHs or the rate of being swallowed if those BHs are Schwarzschild ones. The volumetric stellar consumption rates decrease with increasing redshift, and the decrease is relatively mild for M_BH∼10⁵-10⁷M_☉ and stronger for higher M_BH. Most of the stellar tidal disruption events (TDEs) at z = 0 occur in galaxies with mass M_gal≲10¹¹M_☉, and about 1%-2% of the TDEs can occur in high-mass galaxies with M_gal≳10¹¹M_☉.