2020MNRAS.493.2472G

We simulate maser flares by varying either the pump rate or the background level of radiation in a 3D model of a maser cloud. We investigate the effect of different cloud shapes, saturation levels, and viewpoints. Results are considered for clouds with both uniform and internally variable unsaturated inversion. Pumping and background variations are represented by several different driving functions, some of which are light curves drawn from observations. We summarize the pumping variability results in terms of three observable parameters: the maximum flux density achieved, a variability index, and duty cycle. We demonstrate typical ranges of the flux density that may result from viewing an aspherical object from random viewpoints. The best object for a flare is a prolate cloud, viewed close to its long axis and driven from unsaturated conditions to at least modest saturation. Results for variation of the background level are qualitatively different from the variable pumping results in that they tend to produce short intervals of low flux density under conditions of moderate saturation and sufficient variability to be consistent with strong flaring. Variable background models typically have a significantly higher duty cycle than those with variable pumping.