CDS

2007A&A...476.1179B

Query : 2007A&A...476.1179B

2007A&A...476.1179B - Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 476, 1179-1190 (2007/12-4)

Multiple minor mergers: formation of elliptical galaxies and constraints for the growth of spiral disks.

BOURNAUD F., JOG C.J. and COMBES F.

Abstract (from CDS):

Multiple, sequential mergers are unavoidable in the hierarchical build-up picture of galaxies, in particular for the minor mergers that are frequent and highly likely to have occured several times for most present-day galaxies. However, the effect of repeated minor mergers on galactic structure and evolution has not been studied systematically so far. We present a numerical study of multiple, subsequent, minor galaxy mergers, with various mass ratios ranging from 4:1 to 50:1. The N-body simulations include gas dynamics and star formation. We study the morphological and kinematical properties of the remnants, and show that several so-called ``minor'' mergers can lead to the formation of elliptical-like galaxies that have global morphological and kinematical properties similar to that observed in real elliptical galaxies. The properties of these systems are compared with those of elliptical galaxies produced by the standard scenario of one single major merger. We thus show that repeated minor mergers can theoretically form elliptical galaxies without major mergers, and can be more frequent than major mergers, in particular at moderate redshift. This process must then have formed some elliptical galaxies seen today, and could in particular explain the high boxiness of massive ellipticals, and some fundamental relations observed in ellipticals. In addition, because repeated minor mergers, even at high mass ratios, destroy disks into spheroids, these results indicate that spiral galaxies cannot have grown only by a succession of minor mergers.

Abstract Copyright: ∼

Journal keyword(s): Galaxy: evolution - Galaxy: structure - Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics - galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD - Galaxy: formation - galaxies: interactions

Simbad objects: 1

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Number of rows : 1
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2023 		#notes
1 NGC 4550 GiP 12 35 30.5913588048 +12 13 14.921166792 12.97 12.56 11.68     ~ 527 1

Query : 2007A&A...476.1179B

Basic data :
NGC 4550 -- Galaxy in Pair of Galaxies
Origin of the objects types :

(Ref) Object type as listed in the reference "Ref"
(acronym) Object type linked to the acronym according to the original reference
() Anterior to 2007, before we can link the objet type to a reference, or given by the CDS team in some particular cases

Other object types: 		LIN (), G (2014ApJS,EVCC,...), AGN ([VV2003c],[VV2006c],...), GiC (ACSVCS,VPC,...), GiP ([T76]), GiG ([CHM2007]), * (Gaia), Opt (SDSS)
Syntax of coordinates is : "ra dec (wtype) [error ellipse] quality bibcode" :
  • ra dec : right ascension and declination (unit and frame defined according to your Output Options)
    Grey values are increasing the original precision due to the computation of frame transformations
  • (wtype) : wavelength class for the origin of the coordinates (Rad, mm, IR, Optical, UV, Xray, Gam)
  • [error ellipse] : measurement uncertainty, on (ra,dec) if the positional angle is 90 degrees, on (majaxis,minaxis) otherwise (in mas at defined epoch in the original catalogue),
    position angle (in degrees North celestial pole to East)
  • quality : flag of quality
    • E ≥ 10"
    • D : 1-10" (and some old data)
    • C : 0.1-1"
    • B : 0.01-0.1" + 2MASS, Tyc
    • A : VLBI, Hipparcos
  • bibcode : bibcode of the coordinates reference
ICRS coord. (ep=J2000) : 		12 35 30.5913588048 +12 13 14.921166792 (Optical) [ 0.4370 0.5127 90 ] C 2020yCat.1350....0G
Syntax of coordinates is : "ra dec (wtype) [error ellipse] quality bibcode" :
  • ra dec : right ascension and declination (unit and frame defined according to your Output Options)
    Grey values are increasing the original precision due to the computation of frame transformations
  • (wtype) : wavelength class for the origin of the coordinates (Rad, mm, IR, Optical, UV, Xray, Gam)
  • [error ellipse] : measurement uncertainty, on (ra,dec) if the positional angle is 90 degrees, on (majaxis,minaxis) otherwise (in mas at defined epoch in the original catalogue),
    position angle (in degrees North celestial pole to East)
  • quality : flag of quality
    • E ≥ 10"
    • D : 1-10" (and some old data)
    • C : 0.1-1"
    • B : 0.01-0.1" + 2MASS, Tyc
    • A : VLBI, Hipparcos
  • bibcode : bibcode of the coordinates reference
FK4 coord. (ep=B1950 eq=1950) : 		12 32 59.0127314676 +12 29 45.905524487 [ 0.4370 0.5127 90 ]
Syntax of coordinates is : "ra dec (wtype) [error ellipse] quality bibcode" :
  • ra dec : right ascension and declination (unit and frame defined according to your Output Options)
    Grey values are increasing the original precision due to the computation of frame transformations
  • (wtype) : wavelength class for the origin of the coordinates (Rad, mm, IR, Optical, UV, Xray, Gam)
  • [error ellipse] : measurement uncertainty, on (ra,dec) if the positional angle is 90 degrees, on (majaxis,minaxis) otherwise (in mas at defined epoch in the original catalogue),
    position angle (in degrees North celestial pole to East)
  • quality : flag of quality
    • E ≥ 10"
    • D : 1-10" (and some old data)
    • C : 0.1-1"
    • B : 0.01-0.1" + 2MASS, Tyc
    • A : VLBI, Hipparcos
  • bibcode : bibcode of the coordinates reference
Gal coord. (ep=J2000) : 		288.0936020492476 +74.6318433256465 [ 0.4370 0.5127 90 ]
Syntax of radial velocity (or/and redshift) is : "value [error] (wavelength) quality bibcode"
  • value : radial velocity or/and redshift (Heliocentric frame) according to your Output Options
    (redshift may be not displayed if the data value is <0 and the database inside value is a radial velocity)
  • [error] : error of the corresponding value displayed before
  • (wavelength) : wavelength range of the measurement : Rad, mm, IR, Opt, UV, Xray, Gam or  '∼'(unknown)
  • quality : flag of quality ( A=best quality -> E=worst quality, {� } =unknown quality)
  • bibcode : bibcode of the value's origin
Radial velocity / Redshift / cz : 		V(km/s) 401 [59] / z(~) 0.001338 [0.000197] / cz 401.12 [59.06]
   D 2002LEDA.........0P
Syntax of morphological type is : mtype quality bibcode
  • mtype : Hubble morphological class (spirals, ellipticals, etc)
  • quality : flag of quality (A=best quality -> E=worst quality, {� } =unknown quality)
  • bibcode : bibcode of the morphological type reference
Morphological type: 		SA C 2019MNRAS.488..590B
Syntax of angular size is : "maj-axis min-axis angle (wtype) quality bibcode"
  • maj-axis : major axis size (arc minutes)
  • min-axis : minor axis size (arc minutes)
  • angle : orientation angle (in degrees)
  • (wtype) : wavelength class for the origin of the angular size (Rad, mm, IR, Opt, UV, Xray, Gam)
  • quality : flag of quality of the angular size values ( A=best quality -> E=worst quality, {� } =unknown quality)
  • bibcode : bibcode of the angular size reference
Angular size (arcmin): 		1.833 0.623 0 (NIR) C 2006AJ....131.1163S
Syntax of fluxes (or magnitudes) is : "filter-name (System) flux-value [error] quality MultVarFlags bibcode"
  • filter-name : U, B, V, R, I, G, J, H, K, u, g, r, i, z
  • (System) : may be AB (default is Vega)
  • flux-value : value of flux or magnitude
  • [error] : error value
  • quality : flag of quality of the flux value ( A=best quality -> E=worst quality, {� } =unknown quality)
  • MultVarFlags : Mult is zero or one char (J) for joined photometry ; Var can be zero or two chars (V[0-4])
  • bibcode : bibcode of the flux reference
Fluxes (12) :
U 12.97 [0.05] D 2007ApJS..173..185G
B 12.56 [0.05] D 2007ApJS..173..185G
V 11.68 [0.05] D 2007ApJS..173..185G
G 17.926285 [0.020688] C 2020yCat.1350....0G
J 9.554 [0.008] C 2006AJ....131.1163S
H 8.868 [0.010] C 2006AJ....131.1163S
K 8.692 [0.019] C 2006AJ....131.1163S
u (AB) 14.096 [0.003] C 2009ApJS..182..543A
g (AB) 12.260 [0.002] C 2009ApJS..182..543A
r (AB) 11.478 [0.002] C 2009ApJS..182..543A
i (AB) 11.073 [0.002] C 2009ApJS..182..543A
z (AB) 10.862 [0.002] C 2009ApJS..182..543A
SIMBAD within arcmin
', {sourceSize:12, color:'#30a090'})); aladin.on('objectClicked', function(object) { var objName=object.data.MAIN_ID; aladin.showPopup(object.ra,object.dec,'',''+ objName+''); });" title="Show Simbad objects"> Overlay Simbad points in this preview
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within arcsec The VizieR photometry tool allows for easy visualization of photometry points extracted around the Simbad position from photometry-enabled catalogues in VizieR.
The search radius has to be specified by the user. It is currently limited to a maximum of 30 arcsec. It depends mostly on the precision or quality of the coordinates (SIMBAD and VizieR catalogs), the resolution of the images from which the sources were extracted, source extent, and source crowding.
Suggestions are: crowded field: 0.5 to 1.5 arcsec, 3 arcsec otherwise; uncertain coordinates (SIMBAD quality E or coordinates without reference): 5 to 30 arsec (risky!). sed-help-icon
Some important notes on this object about identifications and objects associations.
notes:

Hierarchy : number of linked objects
whatever the membership probability is (see description here ) :

: 7
The count displayed here is the number of children objects.
The list obtained by clicking the button may be larger, as some children may be linked with different references or probability.

%This number is the number of distinct objets linked, by using this button, you will obtain all links (may be more than one) from that object to his children

: 66 		: 6440 Display criteria :

The link on the acronym of the identifiers give access to the information for this acronym in the dictionary of nomenclature.
Identifiers (22) :
An access of full data is available using the icon Vizier near the identifier of the catalogue

NGC 4550 SDSS J123530.58+121314.9 Z 70-182 [VV2003c] J123530.1+121318
ACSVCS 29 UGC 7757 [BEC2010] HRS 210 [VV2006c] J123530.1+121318
EVCC 2175 UZC J123530.6+121315 [CHM2007] HDC 720 J123530.61+1213154 [VV2010c] J123530.6+121315
LEDA 41943 VCC 1619 [CHM2007] LDC 904 J123530.61+1213154 Gaia DR3 3928647271876432000
2MASX J12353061+1213154 VPC 1002 [T76] 71A
MCG+02-32-147 Z 1233.0+1230 [TH2002] 23

References (527 between 1850 and 2023) (Total 527)
Simbad bibliographic survey began in 1850 for stars (at least bright stars) and in 1983 for all other objects (outside the solar system).
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Collections of Measurements


velocities : 11    distance : 8   

   

External archives :

Data at NED - NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database : NGC 4550

Link by name to the catalogue in VizieR :

NGC 4550 2MASX J12353061+1213154 SDSS J123530.58+121314.9 UGC 7757 Gaia DR3 3928647271876432000

Search by coordinates in Vizier (radius: 30 arcsec)

Annotations :
Annotations allow a user to add a note or report an error concerning the astronomical object and its data. It requires registration to post a note. See description .
Please, have a look at Best practices. The list of all annotations to SIMBAD objects can be found here .

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2023.03.21-12:55:42

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