2022A&A...657A...6C

We analyze two high-resolution spectral transit time series of the hot Jupiter HAT-P-32 b obtained with the CARMENES spectrograph. Our new XMM-Newton X-ray observations of the system show that the fast-rotating F-type host star exhibits a high X-ray luminosity of 2.3 x 10²⁹ erg/s (5-100 Å), corresponding to a flux of 6.9 x 10⁴ erg/cm²/s at the planetary orbit, which results in an energy-limited escape estimate of about 10¹³ g/s for the planetary mass-loss rate. The spectral time series show significant, time-dependent absorption in the Hα and HeIλ10833 triplet lines with maximum depths of about 3.3% and 5.3%. The mid-transit absorption signals in the Hα and HeIλ10833 lines are consistent with results from one-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling, which also yields mass-loss rates on the order of 10¹³ g/s. We observe an early ingress of a redshifted component of the transmission signal, which extends into a redshifted absorption component, persisting until about the middle of the optical transit. While a super-rotating wind can explain redshifted ingress absorption, we find that an up-orbit stream, transporting planetary mass in the direction of the star, also provides a plausible explanation for the pre-transit signal. This makes HAT-P-32 a benchmark system for exploring atmospheric dynamics via transmission spectroscopy.