2022A&A...659A..69D

Context. Di-deuterated molecules are observed in the earliest stages of star formation at abundances of a few percent relative to their nondeuterated isotopologs, which is unexpected considering the scarcity of deuterium in the interstellar medium. With sensitive observations leading to the detection of a steadily increasing number of di-deuterated species, it is becoming possible to explore successive deuteration chains. Aims. The accurate quantification of the column density of di-deuterated methanol is a key piece of the puzzle that is missing in the otherwise thoroughly constrained family of D-bearing methanol in the deeply embedded low-mass protostellar system and astrochemical template source IRAS 16293-2422. A spectroscopic dataset for astrophysical purposes was built for CHD₂OH and made publicly available to facilitate the accurate characterization of this species in astrochemical surveys. Methods. The newly computed line list and partition function were used to search for CHD₂OH toward IRAS 16293-2422 A and B in data from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Protostellar Interferometric Line Survey (PILS). Only nonblended, optically thin lines of CHD₂OH were used for the synthetic spectral fitting. Results. The constructed spectroscopic database contains line frequencies and strengths for 7417 transitions in the 0-500 GHz frequency range. ALMA-PILS observations in the 329-363 GHz range were used to identify 105 unique, nonblended, optically thin line frequencies of CHD₂OH for synthetic spectral fitting. The derived excitation temperatures and column densities yield high D/H ratios of CHD₂OH in IRAS 16293-2422 A and B of 7.5 ± 1.1% and 7.7 ± 1.2%, respectively. Conclusions. Deuteration in IRAS 16293-2422 is not higher than in other low-mass star-forming regions (L483, SVS13-A, NGC 1333-IRAS2A, -IRAS4A, and -IRAS4B). Di-deuterated molecules consistently have higher D/H ratios than their mono-deuterated counterparts in all low-mass protostars, which may be a natural consequence of H-D substitution reactions as seen in laboratory experiments. The Solar System's natal cloud, as traced by comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, may have had a lower initial abundance of D, been warmer than the cloud of IRAS 16293-2422, or been partially reprocessed. In combination with accurate spectroscopy, a careful spectral analysis, and the consideration of the underlying assumptions, successive deuteration is a robust window on the physicochemical provenance of star-forming systems.