2003A&A...403.1077K

Query : 2003A&A...403.1077K

2003A&A...403.1077K - Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 403, 1077-1087 (2003/6-1)

The low-level radial velocity variability in Barnard's star (= GJ 699). Secular acceleration, indications for convective redshift, and planet mass limits.

KUERSTER M., ENDL M., ROUESNEL F., ELS S., KAUFER A., BRILLANT S., HATZES A.P., SAAR S.H. and COCHRAN W.D.

Abstract (from CDS):

We report results from 2 1/2 yr of high precision radial velocity (RV) monitoring of Barnard's star. The high RV measurement precision of the VLT-UT2+UVES of 2.65m/s made the following findings possible. (1) The first detection of the change in the RV of a star caused by its space motion (RV secular acceleration). (2) An anti-correlation of the measured RV with the strength of the filling-in of the Hα line by emission. (3) Very stringent mass upper limits to planetary companions. Using only data from the first 2 years, we obtain a best-fit value for the RV secular acceleration of 5.15±0.89m/s/yr. This agrees within 0.95σ with the predicted value of 4.50m/s/yr based on the Hipparcos proper motion and parallax combined with the known absolute radial velocity of the star. When the RV data of the last half-year are added the best-fit slope is strongly reduced to 2.97±0.51m/s/yr (3.0σ away from the predicted value), clearly suggesting the presence of additional RV variability in the star. Part of it can be attributed to stellar activity as we demonstrate by correlating the residual RVs with an index that describes the filling-in of the Hα line by emission. A correlation coefficient of -0.50 indicates that the appearance of active regions causes a blueshift of photospheric absorption lines. Assuming that active regions basically inhibit convection we discuss the possibility that the fundamental (inactive) convection pattern in this M4V star produces a convective redshift which would indicate that the majority of the absorption lines relevant for our RV measurements is formed in a region of convective overshoot. This interpretation could possibly extend a trend indicated in the behaviour of earlier spectral types that exhibit convective blueshift, but with decreasing line asymmetries and blueshifts as one goes from G to K dwarfs. Based on this assumption, we estimate that the variation of the visible plage coverage is about 20%. We also determine upper limits to the projected mass msin i and to the true mass m of hypothetical planetary companions in circular orbits. For the separation range 0.017-0.98AU we exclude any planet with msini>0.12MJupiter and m>0.86MJupiter. Throughout the habitable zone around Barnard's star, i.e. 0.034-0.082AU, we exclude planets with msini>7.5MEarth and m>3.1MNeptune.

Abstract Copyright: ∼

Journal keyword(s): techniques: radial velocities - stars: kinematics - stars: planetary systems - stars: activity

Simbad objects: 1

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Number of rows : 1
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2024 		#notes
1 NAME Barnard's star BY* 17 57 48.4984700685 +04 41 36.113879676 12.497 11.24 9.511 8.298 6.741 M4V 812 2

Query : 2003A&A...403.1077K

Basic data :
NAME Barnard's star -- BY Dra Variable
Origin of the objects types :

(Ref) Object type as listed in the reference "Ref"
(acronym) Object type linked to the acronym according to the original reference
() Anterior to 2007, before we can link the objet type to a reference, or given by the CDS team in some particular cases

Other object types: 		* (2015ApJS,BD,...), PM* (2016ApJ,Ci,...), V* (CSV,NSV,...), BY* (2017ARep), ** (CCDM), X (1E), NIR (2MASS), MIR (WISEA), IR (IRAS)
Syntax of coordinates is : "ra dec (wtype) [error ellipse] quality bibcode" :
  • ra dec : right ascension and declination (unit and frame defined according to your Output Options)
    Grey values are increasing the original precision due to the computation of frame transformations
  • (wtype) : wavelength class for the origin of the coordinates (Rad, mm, IR, Optical, UV, Xray, Gam)
  • [error ellipse] : measurement uncertainty, on (ra,dec) if the positional angle is 90 degrees, on (majaxis,minaxis) otherwise (in mas at defined epoch in the original catalogue),
    position angle (in degrees North celestial pole to East)
  • quality : flag of quality
    • E ≥ 10"
    • D : 1-10" (and some old data)
    • C : 0.1-1"
    • B : 0.01-0.1" + 2MASS, Tyc
    • A : VLBI, Hipparcos
  • bibcode : bibcode of the coordinates reference
ICRS coord. (ep=J2000) : 		17 57 48.4984700685 +04 41 36.113879676 (Optical) [ 0.0262 0.0290 90 ] A 2020yCat.1350....0G
Syntax of coordinates is : "ra dec (wtype) [error ellipse] quality bibcode" :
  • ra dec : right ascension and declination (unit and frame defined according to your Output Options)
    Grey values are increasing the original precision due to the computation of frame transformations
  • (wtype) : wavelength class for the origin of the coordinates (Rad, mm, IR, Optical, UV, Xray, Gam)
  • [error ellipse] : measurement uncertainty, on (ra,dec) if the positional angle is 90 degrees, on (majaxis,minaxis) otherwise (in mas at defined epoch in the original catalogue),
    position angle (in degrees North celestial pole to East)
  • quality : flag of quality
    • E ≥ 10"
    • D : 1-10" (and some old data)
    • C : 0.1-1"
    • B : 0.01-0.1" + 2MASS, Tyc
    • A : VLBI, Hipparcos
  • bibcode : bibcode of the coordinates reference
FK4 coord. (ep=B1950 eq=1950) : 		17 55 22.7081614789 +04 33 14.367378545 [ 0.0262 0.0290 90 ]
Syntax of coordinates is : "ra dec (wtype) [error ellipse] quality bibcode" :
  • ra dec : right ascension and declination (unit and frame defined according to your Output Options)
    Grey values are increasing the original precision due to the computation of frame transformations
  • (wtype) : wavelength class for the origin of the coordinates (Rad, mm, IR, Optical, UV, Xray, Gam)
  • [error ellipse] : measurement uncertainty, on (ra,dec) if the positional angle is 90 degrees, on (majaxis,minaxis) otherwise (in mas at defined epoch in the original catalogue),
    position angle (in degrees North celestial pole to East)
  • quality : flag of quality
    • E ≥ 10"
    • D : 1-10" (and some old data)
    • C : 0.1-1"
    • B : 0.01-0.1" + 2MASS, Tyc
    • A : VLBI, Hipparcos
  • bibcode : bibcode of the coordinates reference
Gal coord. (ep=J2000) : 		031.0087027177046 +14.0626510150033 [ 0.0262 0.0290 90 ]
Syntax of proper motions is : "pm-ra pm-dec [error ellipse] quality bibcode"
  • pm-ra : mu-ra*cos(dec) (expressed in the ICRS system in mas/yr)
  • pm-dec : mu-dec (expressed in the ICRS system in mas/yr)
  • [error ellipse] : error major axis and minor axis (in mas), orientation angle (in deg)
  • quality : flag of quality (A=best quality -> E=worst quality, {� } =unknown quality)
  • bibcode : bibcode of the proper motion reference
Proper motions mas/yr : 		-801.551 10362.394 [0.032 0.036 90] A 2020yCat.1350....0G
Syntax of radial velocity (or/and redshift) is : "value [error] (wavelength) quality bibcode"
  • value : radial velocity or/and redshift (Heliocentric frame) according to your Output Options
    (redshift may be not displayed if the data value is <0 and the database inside value is a radial velocity)
  • [error] : error of the corresponding value displayed before
  • (wavelength) : wavelength range of the measurement : Rad, mm, IR, Opt, UV, Xray, Gam or  '∼'(unknown)
  • quality : flag of quality ( A=best quality -> E=worst quality, ∼=unknown quality)
  • bibcode : bibcode of the value's origin
Radial velocity / Redshift / cz : 		V(km/s) -110.11 [0.0002] / z(spectroscopic) -0.000367 [0.000000] / cz -110.09 [0.00]
   (Opt) A 2018MNRAS.475.1960F
Syntax of parallax is : 'value quality [error] bibcode'
  • value : parallax value
  • quality : flag of quality (A=best quality -> E=worst quality, {� } =unknown quality)
  • [error] : mean error
  • bibcode : bibcode of the parallax reference
Parallaxes (mas): 		546.9759 [0.0401] A 2020yCat.1350....0G
Spectral type is made of 3 parts: %coding is composed of 4 parts :
  • the spectral type, which is made of a temperature class, eventually a luminosity class (roman number) and/or spectral peculiarities;
  • a quality letter: A=best quality→E=worst quality, {� } =unknown quality %
  • a quality letter: A=best quality -> E=worst quality, {� } =unknown quality
  • bibcode : bibcode of the spectral type reference
Spectral type: 		M4V B 1991ApJS...77..417K
Syntax of fluxes (or magnitudes) is : "filter-name (System) flux-value [error] quality MultVarFlags bibcode"
  • filter-name : U, B, V, R, I, G, J, H, K, u, g, r, i, z
  • (System) : may be AB (default is Vega)
  • flux-value : value of flux or magnitude
  • [error] : error value
  • quality : flag of quality of the flux value ( A=best quality -> E=worst quality, {� } =unknown quality)
  • MultVarFlags : Mult is zero or one char (J) for joined photometry ; Var can be zero or two chars (V[0-4])
  • bibcode : bibcode of the flux reference
Fluxes (12) :
U 12.497 [~] C 2010MNRAS.403.1949K
B 11.24 [~] C 2010MNRAS.403.1949K
V 9.511 [~] C 2010MNRAS.403.1949K
R 8.298 [~] C 2010MNRAS.403.1949K
G 8.193974 [0.002843] C 2020yCat.1350....0G
I 6.741 [~] C 2010MNRAS.403.1949K
J 5.244 [0.020] C 2003yCat.2246....0C
H 4.83 [0.03] C 2003yCat.2246....0C
K 4.524 [0.020] C 2003yCat.2246....0C
g 10.572 [0.07] D 2012yCat.1322....0Z
r 9.288 [0.02] D 2012yCat.1322....0Z
i 7.756 [0.04] D 2012yCat.1322....0Z
SIMBAD within arcmin
', {sourceSize:12, color:'#30a090'})); aladin.on('objectClicked', function(object) { var objName=object.data.MAIN_ID; aladin.showPopup(object.ra,object.dec,'',''+ objName+''); });" title="Show Simbad objects"> Overlay Simbad points in this preview
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Some important notes on this object about identifications and objects associations.
notes:

  • not BD+04 3561
  • The star with the highest known proper motion.

Hierarchy : number of linked objects
whatever the membership probability is (see description here ) :

The count displayed here is the number of children objects.
The list obtained by clicking the button may be larger, as some children may be linked with different references or probability.

%This number is the number of distinct objets linked, by using this button, you will obtain all links (may be more than one) from that object to his children

: 1 		Display criteria :

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Identifiers (52) :
An access of full data is available using the icon Vizier near the identifier of the catalogue

BD+04 3561a GSC 00425-00184 NAME Barnard's star UCAC4 474-068224
AC2000 146626 GSC 00425-02502 NAME Barnard Star USNO-B1.0 0946-00315199
ASCC 1153178 HIC 87937 NLTT 45718 USNO 347
CCDM J17578+0441A HIP 87937 NSV 9910 USNO 876
Ci 20 1069 IRAS 17553+0438 8pc 549.01 uvby98 000403561
CSI+04-17554 JP11 18 PLX 4098 V* V2500 Oph
CSV 7737 Karmn J17578+046 PLX 4098.00 VVO 6
1E 1755.3+0438 LFT 1385 PM J17578+0441N WEB 14849
GAT 12 LHS 57 StKM 2-1355 WISEA J175747.94+044323.8
GCRV 10392 LSPM J1757+0441 TIC 325554331 Zkh 269
GEN# +0.00403561 LTT 15309 TYC 425-2502-1 [RHG95] 2849
G 140-24 2MASS J17574849+0441405 UBV 15269 Gaia DR3 4472832130942575872
GJ 699 MCC 799 UCAC2 33428712 Gaia DR2 4472832130942575872

References (812 between 1850 and 2024) (Total 812)
Simbad bibliographic survey began in 1850 for stars (at least bright stars) and in 1983 for all other objects (outside the solar system).
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Collections of Measurements


velocities : 13    V* : 4    distance : 3    ROT : 1    Fe_H : 41    PLX : 7    PM : 10    MK : 39   

   

Observing logs


ISO : 9   

   

External archives :

Archive data at HEASARC - High-Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center

Data at NED - NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database : NAME Barnard's star

Link by name to the catalogue in VizieR :

BD+04 3561a AC2000 146626 CCDM J17578+0441A G 140-24 GJ 699
GSC 00425-00184 GSC 00425-02502 HIC 87937 HIP 87937 IRAS 17553+0438
LHS 57 LSPM J1757+0441 2MASS J17574849+0441405 NLTT 45718 NSV 9910
PLX 4098 TYC 425-2502-1 UCAC2 33428712 UCAC4 474-068224 USNO-B1.0 0946-00315199
uvby98 000403561 V* V2500 Oph WISEA J175747.94+044323.8 Gaia DR3 4472832130942575872 Gaia DR2 4472832130942575872

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