2011A&A...535A..77M

Query : 2011A&A...535A..77M

2011A&A...535A..77M - Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 535A, 77-77 (2011/11-1)

The formation of active protoclusters in the Aquila Rift: a millimeter continuum view.

MAURY A.J., ANDRE P., MEN'SHCHIKOV A., KOENYVES V. and BONTEMPS S.

Abstract (from CDS):

While most stars are believed to form in stellar clusters, the formation and early evolution of young stellar clusters is still largely unknown. Improving our knowledge of the earliest phases of clustered star formation is crucial for understanding the origin of the stellar initial mass function and the efficiency of the star formation process, which both play a key role in the evolution of galaxies. Here, we present an analysis of the Aquila rift complex which addresses the questions of the star formation rate (SFR), star formation efficiency (SFE) and typical lifetime of the Class 0 protostellar phase in two nearby cluster-forming clumps: the Serpens South and W40 protoclusters. We carried out a 1.2mm dust continuum mapping of the Aquila rift complex with the MAMBO bolometer array on the IRAM 30m telescope. Using a multi-scale source extraction method, we perform a systematic source extraction in our millimeter continuum map. Based on complementary data from the Herschel Gould Belt survey and Spitzer maps, we characterize the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the 77mm continuum sources detected with MAMBO and estimate their evolutionary stages. Taking advantage of the comprehensive dataset available for the Serpens South region, spanning wavelengths from 2µm to 1.2mm, we estimate the numbers of young stellar objects (YSOs) at different evolutionary stages and find a ratio of Class 0 to Class I protostars N(0)/N(I)=0.19-0.27. This low ratio supports a scenario of relatively fast accretion at the beginning of the protostellar phase, and leads to a Class 0 lifetime of ∼4-9x104yr. We also show that both the Serpens South and W40 protoclusters are characterized by large fractions of protostars and high SFRs ∼20-50M☉/Myr/pc2, in agreement with the idea that these two nearby clumps are active sites of clustered star formation currently undergoing bursts of star formation, and have the potential ability to form bound star clusters. While the formation of these two protoclusters is likely to have been initiated in a very different manner, the resulting protostellar populations are observed to be very similar. This suggests that after the onset of gravitational collapse, the detailed manner in which the collapse has been initiated does not affect much the ability of a clump to form stars.

Abstract Copyright: ∼

Journal keyword(s): stars: formation - circumstellar matter - ISM: clouds - ISM: structure - dust, extinction - stars: protostars

Nomenclature: Table 1: [MAM2011] SerpS-MMNN (Nos MM1-MM25), [MAM2011] W40-MMNN (Nos MM1-MM36), [MAM2011] Aqu-MMNN (Nos MM1-MM16).

Simbad objects: 89

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Number of rows : 89
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2024 		#notes
1 NAME Per Region reg 03 37 00.0 +31 15 00           ~ 271 0
2 NAME Ori Region reg 05 35 17.30 -05 23 28.0           ~ 579 0
3 NAME Mon OB1 C PoC 06 41 11 +09 29.1           ~ 53 1
4 NAME Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud SFR 16 28 06 -24 32.5           ~ 3631 1
5 NAME MWC 297 Stellar Group Cl* 18 27 40 -03 49.9           ~ 14 0
6 HGBS J182900.0-014242 Y*O 18 28 59.96 -01 42 40.4           ~ 6 0
7 HGBS J182903.6-013903 Y*O 18 29 03.9 -01 39 06           ~ 9 0
8 IRAS 18264-0143 Y*O 18 29 05.280 -01 41 56.62           ~ 13 0
9 HGBS J182908.3-013046 Y*O 18 29 08.60 -01 30 42.8           ~ 5 0
10 IRAS 18268-0140 Y*O 18 29 23.40120 -01 38 55.6692           ~ 7 0
11 [MAM2011] SerpS-MM1 Y*O 18 29 37.70 -01 50 57.8           ~ 4 0
12 [MAM2011] SerpS-MM2 Y*O 18 29 39.009 -01 51 06.80           ~ 3 0
13 [MAM2011] SerpS-MM3 Y*O 18 29 42.10 -01 50 22.7           ~ 1 0
14 2MASS J18294334-0156518 Y*O 18 29 43.350 -01 56 51.87           ~ 9 0
15 HGBS J182946.8-020653 cor 18 29 46.84 -02 06 52.7           ~ 2 0
16 IRAS 18271-0157 Y*O 18 29 47.018 -01 55 48.25           ~ 8 0
17 NAME Serpens Cloud SFR 18 29 49 +01 14.8           ~ 1100 2
18 [MAM2011] SerpS-MM7 mm 18 29 57.30 -01 57 29.4           ~ 1 0
19 HGBS J182957.7-015758 cor 18 29 57.50 -01 57 58.8           ~ 3 0
20 HGBS J182957.5-015843 cor 18 29 57.80 -01 58 46.4           ~ 3 0
21 HGBS J182959.6-020058 Y*O 18 29 59.66 -02 01 03.2           ~ 4 0
22 HGBS J183000.8-020657 Y*O 18 30 00.83 -02 07 00.0           ~ 3 0
23 [MAM2011] SerpS-MM12 Y*O 18 30 01.06 -02 06 14.6           ~ 4 0
24 2MASS J18300136-0210256 Y*O 18 30 01.362 -02 10 25.63           ~ 15 0
25 [MAM2011] SerpS-MM14 mm 18 30 01.53 -02 08 13.3           ~ 2 0
26 [MAM2011] SerpS-MM15 Y*O 18 30 02.45 -02 01 10.0           ~ 5 0
27 [MAM2011] SerpS-MM16 Y*O 18 30 02.4980 -02 02 48.337           ~ 5 0
28 NAME Serpens South Cluster Cl* 18 30 03.00 -02 01 58.2           ~ 132 0
29 [MAM2011] SerpS-MM17 mm 18 30 03.38 -02 04 32.8           ~ 1 0
30 [MAM2011] SerpS-MM18 Y*O 18 30 04.13 -02 03 02.1           ~ 18 0
31 [MAM2011] SerpS-MM19 Y*O 18 30 04.60 -01 59 57.5           ~ 3 0
32 HGBS J183006.6-020512 cor 18 30 06.23 -02 05 11.3           ~ 2 0
33 [MAM2011] SerpS-MM21 mm 18 30 10.40 -02 06 04.2           ~ 1 0
34 HGBS J183012.4-020653 Y*O 18 30 12.28 -02 06 53.0           ~ 12 0
35 [MAM2011] SerpS-MM23 mm 18 30 16.46 -02 08 31.3           ~ 1 0
36 [MAM2011] SerpS-MM24 Y*O 18 30 17.17 -02 09 58.6           ~ 2 0
37 IRAS 18278-0156 Y*O 18 30 24.55920 -01 54 10.6308           ~ 10 0
38 2MASS J18302593-0210420 Y*O 18 30 25.931 -02 10 42.05           ~ 11 0
39 [MAM2011] Aqu-MM7 Y*O 18 30 28.63 -01 56 47.7           ~ 4 0
40 HGBS J183028.9-015603 Y*O 18 30 29.03 -01 56 05.4           ~ 7 0
41 [MAM2011] Aqu-MM9 mm 18 30 37.02 -01 52 39.1           ~ 1 0
42 [MAM2011] Aqu-MM10 mm 18 30 44.65 -01 57 05.8           ~ 2 0
43 HGBS J183047.3-015654 Y*O 18 30 47.37 -01 56 49.2           ~ 3 0
44 [MAM2011] Aqu-MM12 mm 18 30 47.47 -01 57 57.9           ~ 1 0
45 [MAM2011] Aqu-MM13 mm 18 30 49.13 -01 57 11.7           ~ 1 0
46 HGBS J183049.5-015603 Y*O 18 30 49.94 -01 56 06.1           ~ 6 0
47 [MAM2011] Aqu-MM15 mm 18 30 50.98 -01 59 21.6           ~ 1 0
48 [MAM2011] Aqu-MM16 mm 18 30 54.23 -01 54 27.7           ~ 1 0
49 [MAM2011] W40-MM1 Y*O 18 31 02.17 -02 10 19.7           ~ 2 0
50 [MAM2011] W40-MM2 mm 18 31 03.14 -02 09 41.0           ~ 1 0
51 NAME Aql Region reg 18 31.1 -02 10           ~ 391 0
52 HGBS J183109.7-020622 cor 18 31 09.42 -02 06 24.5           ~ 7 0
53 HGBS J183110.5-020347 cor 18 31 10.31 -02 03 49.9           ~ 8 0
54 HGBS J183110.2-020438 cor 18 31 10.35 -02 04 43.0           ~ 4 0
55 [MAM2011] W40-MM6 mm 18 31 10.58 -02 03 02.0           ~ 1 0
56 [MAM2011] W40-MM7 mm 18 31 12.00 -02 06 45.8           ~ 1 0
57 [MAM2011] W40-MM8 mm 18 31 13.16 -02 05 39.7           ~ 1 0
58 [MAM2011] W40-MM9 Y*O 18 31 14.09 -02 02 44.5           ~ 2 0
59 [MAM2011] W40-MM10 mm 18 31 16.89 -02 02 30.1           ~ 1 0
60 [MAM2011] W40-MM11 mm 18 31 20.87 -02 07 21.2           ~ 1 0
61 [MAM2011] W40-MM12 Y*O 18 31 21.30 -02 07 06.0           ~ 2 0
62 [MAM2011] W40-MM13 Y*O 18 31 22.02 -02 06 21.2           ~ 2 0
63 [MAM2011] W40-MM14 Y*O 18 31 23.43 -02 06 56.4           ~ 2 0
64 [MAM2011] W40-MM15 Y*O 18 31 23.88 -02 05 36.4           ~ 1 0
65 NAME W 40 IRS 2a * 18 31 23.9744924952 -02 05 29.491630944           ~ 14 1
66 [MAM2011] W40-MM16 mm 18 31 24.14 -02 08 41.6           ~ 1 0
67 LBN 028.77+03.43 HII 18 31 26.5 -02 04 22           ~ 230 2
68 [MAM2011] W40-MM17 mm 18 31 33.23 -02 05 29.2           ~ 1 0
69 [MAM2011] W40-MM18 Y*O 18 31 35.33 -01 57 43.8           ~ 2 0
70 [MAM2011] W40-MM19 Y*O 18 31 38.37 -02 04 08.3           ~ 2 0
71 [MAM2011] W40-MM22 mm 18 31 41.63 -02 04 54.1           ~ 1 0
72 [MAM2011] W40-MM20 Y*O 18 31 41.63 -02 03 50.9           ~ 2 0
73 [MAM2011] W40-MM23 cor 18 31 43.04 -02 04 43.9           ~ 2 0
74 [MAM2011] W40-MM21 Y*O 18 31 43.04 -02 03 33.5           ~ 2 0
75 [MAM2011] W40-MM24 Y*O 18 31 46.05 -02 00 17.0           ~ 2 0
76 HGBS J183146.6-020543 cor 18 31 46.29 -02 05 46.2           ~ 3 0
77 [MAM2011] W40-MM27 Y*O 18 31 46.78 -02 02 19.9           ~ 5 0
78 HGBS J183147.0-020425 cor 18 31 47.08 -02 04 25.9           ~ 6 0
79 [MAM2011] W40-MM28 Y*O 18 31 47.90 -02 01 37.2           ~ 5 0
80 HGBS J183151.3-015751 cor 18 31 50.95 -01 57 53.9           ~ 3 0
81 [MAM2011] W40-MM31 mm 18 31 52.14 -02 03 43.6           ~ 1 0
82 HGBS J183152.3-020127 Y*O 18 31 52.192 -02 01 26.12           ~ 6 0
83 HGBS J183152.7-015727 cor 18 31 52.36 -01 57 29.5           ~ 2 0
84 HGBS J183153.7-020111 cor 18 31 53.77 -02 01 11.7           ~ 3 0
85 HGBS J183157.4-020025 cor 18 31 57.24 -02 00 27.7           ~ 6 0
86 NAME Aql Rift DNe 18 32 -01.0           ~ 316 1
87 HGBS J183200.1-020005 cor 18 32 00.30 -02 00 10.5           ~ 3 0
88 HGBS J183213.6-015730 Y*O 18 32 13.15 -01 57 30.1           ~ 10 0
89 LBN 026.83+03.54 HII 19 27.5 -03 47           ~ 19 0

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