2014ApJS..210...20M

Query : 2014ApJS..210...20M

2014ApJS..210...20M - Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser., 210, 20 (2014/February-0)

Masses, radii, and orbits of small Kepler planets: the transition from gaseous to rocky planets.

MARCY G.W., ISAACSON H., HOWARD A.W., ROWE J.F., JENKINS J.M., BRYSON S.T., LATHAM D.W., HOWELL S.B., GAUTIER III T.N., BATALHA N.M., ROGERS L., CIARDI D., FISCHER D.A., GILLILAND R.L., KJELDSEN H., CHRISTENSEN-DALSGAARD J., HUBER D., CHAPLIN W.J., BASU S., BUCHHAVE L.A., QUINN S.N., BORUCKI W.J., KOCH D.G., HUNTER R., CALDWELL D.A., VAN CLEVE J., KOLBL R., WEISS L.M., PETIGURA E., SEAGER S., MORTON T., JOHNSON J.A., BALLARD S., BURKE C., COCHRAN W.D., ENDL M., MacQUEEN P., EVERETT M.E., LISSAUER J.J., FORD E.B., TORRES G., FRESSIN F., BROWN T.M., STEFFEN J.H., CHARBONNEAU D., BASRI G.S., SASSELOV D.D., WINN J., SANCHIS-OJEDA R., CHRISTIANSEN J., ADAMS E., HENZE C., DUPREE A., FABRYCKY D.C., FORTNEY J.J., TARTER J., HOLMAN M.J., TENENBAUM P., SHPORER A., LUCAS P.W., WELSH W.F., OROSZ J.A., BEDDING T.R., CAMPANTE T.L., DAVIES G.R., ELSWORTH Y., HANDBERG R., HEKKER S., KAROFF C., KAWALER S.D., LUND M.N., LUNDKVIST M., METCALFE T.S., MIGLIO A., SILVA AGUIRRE V., STELLO D., WHITE T.R., BOSS A., DEVORE E., GOULD A., PRSA A., AGOL E., BARCLAY T., COUGHLIN J., BRUGAMYER E., MULLALLY F., QUINTANA E.V., STILL M., THOMPSON S.E., MORRISON D., TWICKEN J.D., DESERT J.-M., CARTER J., CREPP J.R., HEBRARD G., SANTERNE A., MOUTOU C., SOBECK C., HUDGINS D., HAAS M.R., ROBERTSON P., LILLO-BOX J. and BARRADO D.

Abstract (from CDS):

We report on the masses, sizes, and orbits of the planets orbiting 22 Kepler stars. There are 49 planet candidates around these stars, including 42 detected through transits and 7 revealed by precise Doppler measurements of the host stars. Based on an analysis of the Kepler brightness measurements, along with high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy, Doppler spectroscopy, and (for 11 stars) asteroseismology, we establish low false-positive probabilities (FPPs) for all of the transiting planets (41 of 42 have an FPP under 1%), and we constrain their sizes and masses. Most of the transiting planets are smaller than three times the size of Earth. For 16 planets, the Doppler signal was securely detected, providing a direct measurement of the planet's mass. For the other 26 planets we provide either marginal mass measurements or upper limits to their masses and densities; in many cases we can rule out a rocky composition. We identify six planets with densities above 5 g/cm3, suggesting a mostly rocky interior for them. Indeed, the only planets that are compatible with a purely rocky composition are smaller than ∼2 R⊕. Larger planets evidently contain a larger fraction of low-density material (H, He, and H2O).

Abstract Copyright: ∼

Journal keyword(s): planetary systems - planets and satellites: detection - stars: individual (Kepler-25, Kepler-37, Kepler-48, Kepler-68, Kepler-93, Kepler-94, Kepler-95, Kepler-96, Kepler-97, Kepler-98, Kepler-99, Kepler-100, Kepler-102, Kepler-103, Kepler-106, Kepler-109, Kepler-113, Kepler-131, Kepler-406, Kepler-407, Kepler-409) - techniques: photometric - techniques: radial velocities

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/ApJS/210/20): table1.dat table2.dat table4.dat>

Simbad objects: 94

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Number of rows : 94
N Identifier Otype ICRS (2000)
RA 		ICRS (2000)
DEC 		Proper motions Parallaxes Redshift Rad. vel. cz Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type Morph. type Angular size #ref
1983 - 2024
1 * eps Ari ** 02 59 12.72536 +21 20 25.5575 -13.74 -5.12 9.81 0.000003 0.90 0.90 4.75 4.67 4.63 4.58 4.56 A2IV+A3IVs ~ ~ ~ ~ 40
2 CoRoT-7b Planet 06 43 49.4690164104 -01 03 46.826642700 10.984 -0.040 6.2676 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 402
3 NAME LP 424-4b Planet 07 59 05.8395356736 +15 23 29.236065000 -185.706 -56.994 34.0172 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 305
4 * rho01 Cnc e Planet 08 52 35.8111044043 +28 19 50.954994470 -485.681 -233.517 79.4482 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 581
5 Ross 905b Planet 11 42 11.0933350978 +26 42 23.650782778 895.088 -813.550 102.3014 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 814
6 HAT-P-26 HighPM* 14 12 37.5331103311 +04 03 36.116569918 37.735 -142.816 6.9985 0.000049 14.58 14.58   12.33 11.76 11.56   K1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 63
7 NAME G 139-21b Planet 17 15 18.9339850845 +04 57 50.066612336 580.202 -749.713 68.2986 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 726
8 Kepler-94c Planet 18 44 46.7440377288 +47 29 49.749482616 -5.526 25.066 5.2476 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 5
9 Kepler-94b Planet 18 44 46.7440377288 +47 29 49.749482616 -5.526 25.066 5.2476 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 53
10 Kepler-94 Eruptive* 18 44 46.7440377288 +47 29 49.749482616 -5.526 25.066 5.2476 -0.000169 -50.766102 -50.76   14.438 13.184 12.825   M0V ~ ~ ~ ~ 69
11 Kepler-8 RotV* 18 45 09.1489991376 +42 27 03.891327156 2.176 3.851 0.9842 -0.000191 -57.15 -57.14           F6V ~ ~ ~ ~ 110
12 Kepler-102 Eruptive* 18 45 55.8559851072 +47 12 28.845259020 -41.044 -43.267 9.2517 -0.000095 -28.51 -28.51   12.58 12.07 11.510   K3V ~ ~ ~ ~ 113
13 Kepler-102d Planet 18 45 55.8559851072 +47 12 28.845259020 -41.044 -43.267 9.2517 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 48
14 Kepler-102f Planet 18 45 55.8559851072 +47 12 28.845259020 -41.044 -43.267 9.2517 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 39
15 Kepler-102e Planet 18 45 55.8559851072 +47 12 28.845259020 -41.044 -43.267 9.2517 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 65
16 Kepler-102b Planet 18 45 55.8559851072 +47 12 28.845259020 -41.044 -43.267 9.2517 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 40
17 Kepler-102c Planet 18 45 55.8559851072 +47 12 28.845259020 -41.044 -43.267 9.2517 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 34
18 BD+44 3020d Planet 18 56 14.3076037320 +44 31 05.389610412 -60.396 48.657 15.6253 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 55
19 BD+44 3020c Planet 18 56 14.3076037320 +44 31 05.389610412 -60.396 48.657 15.6253 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 48
20 BD+44 3020b Planet 18 56 14.3076037320 +44 31 05.389610412 -60.396 48.657 15.6253 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 66
21 BD+44 3020 HighPM* 18 56 14.3076037320 +44 31 05.389610412 -60.396 48.657 15.6253 -0.000102 -30.593901 -30.59   10.45 9.77     G8V ~ ~ ~ ~ 129
22 Kepler-95b Planet 18 57 55.7883819888 +44 23 52.818842400 -3.890 -26.536 2.2055 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 50
23 Kepler-95 Eruptive* 18 57 55.7883819888 +44 23 52.818842400 -3.890 -26.536 2.2055 -0.000104 -31.217899 -31.22   13.313 12.481 12.268   G5V ~ ~ ~ ~ 88
24 HD 176693b Planet 18 59 08.6844743448 +48 25 23.600359776 4.704 9.263 11.2176 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 40
25 HD 176693 Eruptive* 18 59 08.6844743448 +48 25 23.600359776 4.704 9.263 11.2176 -0.000183 -54.76 -54.75   9.34 8.83 8.996   F8V ~ ~ ~ ~ 129
26 KOI-1843.03 Planet 19 00 03.1451105376 +40 13 14.798618364 0.635 41.183 7.4906 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 26
27 Kepler-4 Eruptive* 19 02 27.6979514832 +50 08 08.703945600 6.127 4.642 2.0055 -0.000201 -60.373299 -60.37   13.114 12.293 12.195   G0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 108
28 Kepler-98 Eruptive* 19 02 38.7947770872 +37 57 52.200110880 8.875 15.589 2.8552 -0.000107 -32.12 -32.12       12.874   G7 ~ ~ ~ ~ 58
29 Kepler-98b Planet 19 02 38.7947770872 +37 57 52.200110880 8.875 15.589 2.8552 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 40
30 Kepler-10b Planet 19 02 43.0613892904 +50 14 28.701617339 -18.483 41.382 5.3698 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 298
31 Kepler-10 RotV* 19 02 43.0613892904 +50 14 28.701617339 -18.483 41.382 5.3698 -0.000327 -98.12 -98.10       11.00   G2V ~ ~ ~ ~ 207
32 Kepler-407b Planet 19 04 08.7180702936 +49 36 52.219314504 -3.428 -0.642 2.9315 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 37
33 Kepler-407c Planet 19 04 08.7180702936 +49 36 52.219314504 -3.428 -0.642 2.9315 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6
34 Kepler-407 Eruptive* 19 04 08.7180702936 +49 36 52.219314504 -3.428 -0.642 2.9315 -0.000082 -24.719400 -24.72   13.601 12.664 12.508   G7 ~ ~ ~ ~ 71
35 Kepler-25 Eruptive* 19 06 33.2141354736 +39 29 16.358725104 -0.303 6.109 4.1456 -0.000029 -8.557 -8.56   11.337 10.623 10.622   F6 ~ ~ ~ ~ 159
36 Kepler-25b Planet 19 06 33.2141354736 +39 29 16.358725104 -0.303 6.109 4.1456 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 67
37 Kepler-25d Planet 19 06 33.2141354736 +39 29 16.358725104 -0.303 6.109 4.1456 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 10
38 Kepler-25c Planet 19 06 33.2141354736 +39 29 16.358725104 -0.303 6.109 4.1456 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 90
39 Kepler-97c Planet 19 09 18.3874144296 +48 40 24.368309184 -13.041 -21.239 2.5017 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7
40 Kepler-97b Planet 19 09 18.3874144296 +48 40 24.368309184 -13.041 -21.239 2.5017 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 39
41 Kepler-97 Eruptive* 19 09 18.3874144296 +48 40 24.368309184 -13.041 -21.239 2.5017 0.000010 3.14 3.14   13.632 12.956 12.876   G0V ~ ~ ~ ~ 64
42 Kepler-20 Eruptive* 19 10 47.5233433920 +42 20 19.301370684 -3.869 -27.105 3.4936 -0.000073 -21.98 -21.98   13.278 12.630 12.478 11.64 G5V ~ ~ ~ ~ 171
43 Kepler-113 Eruptive* 19 11 59.4990081336 +50 56 39.668230356 -5.921 -38.921 3.7984 0.000008 2.26 2.26   14.990 13.718 13.477   K4 ~ ~ ~ ~ 64
44 Kepler-113c Planet 19 11 59.4990081336 +50 56 39.668230356 -5.921 -38.921 3.7984 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 33
45 Kepler-113b Planet 19 11 59.4990081336 +50 56 39.668230356 -5.921 -38.921 3.7984 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 42
46 Kepler-131c Planet 19 14 07.4053097208 +40 56 32.328971700 6.480 13.774 4.3719 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 36
47 Kepler-131 Eruptive* 19 14 07.4053097208 +40 56 32.328971700 6.480 13.774 4.3719 -0.000072 -21.670200 -21.67   12.379 11.677 11.516   G2V ~ ~ ~ ~ 79
48 Kepler-131b Planet 19 14 07.4053097208 +40 56 32.328971700 6.480 13.774 4.3719 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 52
49 Kepler-7 Eruptive* 19 14 19.5623105760 +41 05 23.367379128 -2.937 -21.084 1.0319 0.000005 1.50 1.50           G0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 115
50 Kepler-103b Planet 19 15 56.2939334304 +40 03 52.285818168 -1.216 -8.866 1.9752 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 48
51 Kepler-103c Planet 19 15 56.2939334304 +40 03 52.285818168 -1.216 -8.866 1.9752 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 39
52 Kepler-103 Eruptive* 19 15 56.2939334304 +40 03 52.285818168 -1.216 -8.866 1.9752 -0.000094 -28.28 -28.28   13.136 12.360 12.254   G5Ib ~ ~ ~ ~ 93
53 Kepler-22 Eruptive* 19 16 52.1902276920 +47 53 03.948648180 -39.589 -66.773 5.0627 -0.000012 -3.619190 -3.62   12.597 11.813 11.642   G5 ~ ~ ~ ~ 95
54 Kepler-109b Planet 19 21 34.2534438336 +40 17 05.498443284 -7.651 10.827 2.0933 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 40
55 Kepler-109 Eruptive* 19 21 34.2534438336 +40 17 05.498443284 -7.651 10.827 2.0933 -0.000123 -36.75 -36.75   13.162 12.388 12.320   G4V ~ ~ ~ ~ 83
56 Kepler-109c Planet 19 21 34.2534438336 +40 17 05.498443284 -7.651 10.827 2.0933 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 38
57 BD+48 2893b Planet 19 24 07.7659706688 +49 02 24.928348272 -7.305 -10.454 6.9298 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 96
58 BD+48 2893d Planet 19 24 07.7659706688 +49 02 24.928348272 -7.305 -10.454 6.9298 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 19
59 BD+48 2893c Planet 19 24 07.7659706688 +49 02 24.928348272 -7.305 -10.454 6.9298 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 59
60 BD+48 2893 Eruptive* 19 24 07.7659706688 +49 02 24.928348272 -7.305 -10.454 6.9298 -0.000068 -20.325001 -20.32   10.73 10.08 9.914   G1V ~ ~ ~ ~ 138
61 Kepler-36b Planet 19 25 00.0428079600 +49 13 54.630900876 1.151 -8.064 1.8528 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 149
62 Kepler-100 Eruptive* 19 25 32.6432787456 +41 59 24.945100548 19.987 -28.602 3.2578 -0.000203 -60.933800 -60.93   12.009 11.278 11.128   G3 ~ ~ ~ ~ 114
63 Kepler-100d Planet 19 25 32.6432787456 +41 59 24.945100548 19.987 -28.602 3.2578 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 44
64 Kepler-100b Planet 19 25 32.6432787456 +41 59 24.945100548 19.987 -28.602 3.2578 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 58
65 Kepler-100c Planet 19 25 32.6432787456 +41 59 24.945100548 19.987 -28.602 3.2578 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 51
66 BD+38 3583c Planet 19 25 40.3885404552 +38 40 20.413186860 -28.672 -5.722 10.4148 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9
67 BD+38 3583b Planet 19 25 40.3885404552 +38 40 20.413186860 -28.672 -5.722 10.4148 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 106
68 BD+38 3583 Eruptive* 19 25 40.3885404552 +38 40 20.413186860 -28.672 -5.722 10.4148 0.000092 27.670700 27.67   10.73 10.00 9.853   G5V ~ ~ ~ ~ 122
69 Kepler-406c Planet 19 27 23.5375431360 +44 58 05.726111052 16.976 5.433 2.7425 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 36
70 Kepler-406b Planet 19 27 23.5375431360 +44 58 05.726111052 16.976 5.433 2.7425 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 65
71 Kepler-406 Eruptive* 19 27 23.5375431360 +44 58 05.726111052 16.976 5.433 2.7425 -0.000194 -58.24 -58.23   13.401 12.672 12.482   G5IV ~ ~ ~ ~ 69
72 BD+46 2726 Eruptive* 19 34 43.0022454096 +46 51 09.938179044 4.734 -6.251 14.6811 -0.000096 -28.762300 -28.76   10.36 9.64 9.438   K0V ~ ~ ~ ~ 129
73 BD+46 2726b Planet 19 34 43.0022454096 +46 51 09.938179044 4.734 -6.251 14.6811 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 47
74 Kepler-78b Planet 19 34 58.0137407208 +44 26 53.960186940 38.195 -16.309 8.0085 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 140
75 Kepler-40 RotV* 19 47 15.2874297936 +47 31 35.665322736 -1.469 -6.768 0.455 ~ ~ ~   15.11   14.89 14.02 F5IV ~ ~ ~ ~ 50
76 Kepler-6 RotV* 19 47 20.9379557640 +48 14 23.759029608 0.935 8.458 1.7108 -0.000161 -48.35 -48.35           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 100
77 Kepler-96 EclBin 19 48 16.7135669520 +40 31 30.523868868 32.921 13.543 8.1211 -0.000159 -47.571 -47.57   11.130 10.436 10.233   G2V ~ ~ ~ ~ 84
78 Kepler-96b Planet 19 48 16.7135669520 +40 31 30.523868868 32.921 13.543 8.1211 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 47
79 Kepler-11 Eruptive* 19 48 27.6226218768 +41 54 32.903163504 0.106 -7.103 1.5476 -0.000196 -58.79 -58.78   14.635 13.838 13.742   G2V ~ ~ ~ ~ 354
80 Kepler-99 Eruptive* 19 49 24.9577803120 +41 18 00.214368480 1.504 -3.332 4.8014 -0.000085 -25.627199 -25.63       12.955   K4 ~ ~ ~ ~ 63
81 Kepler-99b Planet 19 49 24.9577803120 +41 18 00.214368480 1.504 -3.332 4.8014 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 50
82 Kepler-18c Planet 19 52 19.0688312520 +44 44 46.807928916 -1.436 -20.341 2.2916 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 77
83 Kepler-18 Eruptive* 19 52 19.0688312520 +44 44 46.807928916 -1.436 -20.341 2.2916 -0.000061 -18.400700 -18.40   14.750 13.767 13.93   ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 127
84 Kepler-48d Planet 19 56 33.4161659688 +40 56 56.496876216 13.215 -20.410 3.2283 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 47
85 Kepler-48e Planet 19 56 33.4161659688 +40 56 56.496876216 13.215 -20.410 3.2283 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8
86 Kepler-48c Planet 19 56 33.4161659688 +40 56 56.496876216 13.215 -20.410 3.2283 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 68
87 Kepler-48b Planet 19 56 33.4161659688 +40 56 56.496876216 13.215 -20.410 3.2283 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 55
88 Kepler-48 Eruptive* 19 56 33.4161659688 +40 56 56.496876216 13.215 -20.410 3.2283 -0.000035 -10.53 -10.53   14.253 13.331 13.054   K0V ~ ~ ~ ~ 102
89 Kepler-5 RotV* 19 57 37.6884643560 +44 02 06.189718884 -0.190 -3.252 1.1139 -0.000079 -23.63 -23.63           F5V ~ ~ ~ ~ 105
90 Kepler-106 Eruptive* 20 03 27.3499329384 +44 20 15.191981988 7.975 -0.849 2.2598 -0.000188 -56.51 -56.50   13.592 12.963 12.817   G1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 81
91 Kepler-106d Planet 20 03 27.3499329384 +44 20 15.191981988 7.975 -0.849 2.2598 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 28
92 Kepler-106e Planet 20 03 27.3499329384 +44 20 15.191981988 7.975 -0.849 2.2598 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 40
93 Kepler-106c Planet 20 03 27.3499329384 +44 20 15.191981988 7.975 -0.849 2.2598 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 50
94 Kepler-106b Planet 20 03 27.3499329384 +44 20 15.191981988 7.975 -0.849 2.2598 ~ ~ ~           ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 30

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