SIMBAD references

We have measured the ortho-to-para ratio of ammonia in the blueshifted gas of the L1157 outflow by observing the six metastable inversion lines from (J,K)=(1,1) to (6, 6). The highly excited (5, 5) and (6, 6) lines were first detected in the low-mass star-forming regions. The rotational temperature derived from the ratio of four transition lines from (3, 3) to (6, 6) is 130-140 K, suggesting that the blueshifted gas is heated by a factor of ∼10 as compared to the quiescent gas. The ortho-to-para ratio of the NH₃ molecules in the blueshifted gas is estimated to be 1.3-1.7, which is higher than the statistical equilibrium value. This ratio provides us with evidence that the NH₃ molecules have been evaporated from dust grains with the formation temperature between 18 and 25 K. It is most likely that the NH₃ molecules on dust grains have been released into the gas phase through the passage of strong shock waves produced by the outflow. Such a scenario is supported by the fact that the ammonia abundance in the blueshifted gas is enhanced by a factor of ∼5 with respect to the dense quiescent gas.