SIMBAD references

The evolution and appearance of protostellar disks can be significantly altered by their UV environment. We investigate numerically the photoevaporation of protostellar disks under the influence of an external radiation field with both EUV (hν>13.6 eV) and FUV (6 eV<hν<13.6 eV) components. Our two-dimensional axisymmetric radiation hydrodynamics calculations begin with star-disk configurations resulting from previously published collapse simulations. We follow the evolution after the external UV radiation source has been turned on. We consider the transfer of both direct (from the UV point source) as well as diffuse radiation fields simultaneously with the ionization of hydrogen and carbon. A simplified cooling function is employed which assumes that the carbon ionization front separates the molecular region from the region in atomic or ionized form. For some simulations an isotropic stellar wind has been included at the position of the disk's central star. At selected evolutionary times a frequency-dependent ray-tracing diagnostic code is used to calculate emission line spectra and emission line maps over the volume of interest. The interaction of the FUV-induced neutral flow at the disk surface with the direct and diffuse EUV radiation fields leads to the typical head-tail objects with bright emission line crescents and tails pointing away from the external radiation source. The properties of the head-tail objects are in agreement with the properties of the proplyds in the Orion Nebula, M8, NGC 2024, and–in a more extreme UV environment–of the newly discovered proplyds in NGC 3603. After losing material via photoevaporation over a time ≳10⁵ yr, our initially rather massive disks are reduced to typical observed disk masses. At this time the radius of the disk, the radius of the hydrogen ionization front, and the length of the tail are compatible to observed proplyds. Our model disks can be either silhouetted or nonsilhouetted in the emission line maps, depending on orientation. The [O III] 5007 Å emission appears more diffuse than [O II] 3726 Å, because the abundance of O III is low near the hydrogen ionization front and in the shadow regions along the tail. Monopolar and bipolar microjets emerging from the proplyds can be explained by spherically symmetric stellar winds hydrodynamically focused by the neutral evaporating flow from the disk surface.