SIMBAD references

The evolution of a stellar disk under the influence of viscous evolution, photoevaporation from the central source, and photoevaporation by external stars is studied. We take the typical parameters of T Tauri stars (TTSs) and the Trapezium Cluster conditions. The photoionizing flux from the central source is assumed to arise from both the quiescent star and accretion shocks at the base of stellar magnetospheric columns, along which material from the disk accretes. The accretion flux is calculated self-consistently from the accretion mass-loss rate. We find that the disk cannot be entirely removed using only viscous evolution and photoionization from the disk-star accretion shock. However, when FUV photoevaporation by external massive stars is included, the disk is removed in 10⁶-10⁷ yr, and when EUV photoevaporation by external massive stars is included, the disk is removed in 10⁵-10⁶ yr. An intriguing feature of photoevaporation by the central star is the formation of a gap in the disk at late stages of the disk evolution. As the gap starts forming, viscous spreading and photoevaporation work in resonance. When viscous accretion and photoevaporation by the central star and external massive stars are considered, the disk shrinks and is truncated at the gravitational radius, where it is quickly removed by the combination of viscous accretion, viscous spreading, photoevaporation from the central source, and photoevaporation by the external stars. There is no gap formation for disks nearby external massive stars because the outer annuli are quickly removed by the dominant EUV flux. On the other hand, at larger, more typical distances (d≫0.03 pc) from the external stars the flux is FUV-dominated. As a consequence, the disk is efficiently evaporated at two different locations, forming a gap during the last stages of the disk evolution.