SIMBAD references

We examine the stability and observational consequences of mixing induced by ³He burning in the envelopes of first ascent red giants. We demonstrate that there are two unstable modes: a rapid, nearly adiabatic mode that we cannot identify with an underlying physical mechanism, and a slow, nearly radiative mode that can be identified with thermohaline convection. We present observational constraints that make the operation of the rapid mode unlikely to occur in real stars. Thermohaline convection turns out to be fast enough only if fluid elements have fingerlike structures with a length-to-diameter ratio l/d≳10. We identify some potentially serious obstacles for thermohaline convection as the predominant mixing mechanism for giants. We show that rotation-induced horizontal turbulent diffusion may suppress the ³He-driven thermohaline convection. Another potentially serious problem for it is to explain observational evidence of enhanced extra mixing. The ³He exhaustion in stars approaching the red giant branch (RGB) tip should make the ³He mixing inefficient on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB). In spite of this, there are observational data indicating the presence of extra mixing in low-mass AGB stars similar to that operating on the RGB. Overmixing may also occur in carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars.