SIMBAD references

Numerical simulations show that box-shaped bulges of edge-on galaxies are not bulges: they are bars seen side-on. Therefore, the two components that are seen in edge-on Sb galaxies such as NGC 4565 are a disk and a bar. But face-on SBb galaxies always show a disk, a bar, and a (pseudo)bulge. Where is the (pseudo)bulge in NGC 4565? We use archival Hubble Space Telescope H-band images and Spitzer Space Telescope 3.6 µm wavelength images, both calibrated to Two Micron All Sky Survey K_sband, to penetrate the prominent dust lane in NGC 4565. We find a high surface brightness, central stellar component that is clearly distinct from the boxy bar and from the disk. Its brightness profile is a Sérsic function with index n = 1.55±0.07 along the major axis and 1.33±0.12 along the minor axis. Therefore, it is a pseudobulge. It is much less luminous than the boxy bar, so the true pseudobulge-to-total luminosity ratio of the galaxy is PB/T = 0.06±0.01, much less than the previously believed value of B/T = 0.4 for the "boxy bulge." We infer that published B/T luminosity ratios of edge-on galaxies with boxy bulges have been overestimated. Therefore, more galaxies than we thought contain little or no evidence of a merger-built classical bulge. From a formation point of view, NGC 4565 is a giant, pure-disk galaxy. This presents a challenge to our picture of galaxy formation by hierarchical clustering: it is difficult to grow galaxies as big as NGC 4565 without also making big classical bulges.