SIMBAD references

We study the evolution of the red-galaxy fraction (f_red) in 905 galaxy groups with 0.15 ≤ z < 0.52. The galaxy groups are identified by the "probability friends-of-friends" algorithm from the first Red-Sequence Cluster Survey (RCS1) photometric-redshift sample. There is a high degree of uniformity in the properties of the red sequence of the group galaxies, indicating that the luminous red-sequence galaxies in the groups are already in place by z ∼ 0.5 and that they have a formation epoch of z ≳ 2. In general, groups at lower redshifts exhibit larger f_red than those at higher redshifts, showing a group Butcher-Oemler effect. We investigate the evolution of f _red by examining its dependence on four parameters, one of which can be classified as intrinsic and three of which can be classified as environmental: galaxy stellar mass (M_*), total group stellar mass (M_*, grp_, a proxy for group halo mass), normalized group-centric radius (r_grp), and local galaxy density (Σ₅). We find that M_* is the dominant parameter such that there is a strong correlation between f_red and galaxy stellar mass. Furthermore, the dependence of f_red on the environmental parameters is also a strong function of M_*. Massive galaxies (M_* ≳ 10¹¹ M _☉) show little dependence of f_red on r_grp, M_*, grp_, and Σ₅ over the redshift range. The dependence of f_redon these parameters is primarily seen for galaxies with lower masses, especially for M_* ≲ 10^10.6 M_☉. We observe an apparent "group down-sizing" effect, in that galaxies in lower-mass halos, after controlling for galaxy stellar mass, have lower f_red. We find a dependence of f_red on both r_grp and Σ₅ after the other parameters are controlled. At a fixed r_grp, there is a significant dependence of f_red on Σ₅, while r_grp gradients of f_red are seen for galaxies in similar Σ₅regions. This indicates that galaxy group environment has a residual effect over that of local galaxy density (or vice versa), and both parameters need to be considered. This result suggests that processes identified with local galaxy density, such as galaxy harassment and mergers, and those associated with accretion into a larger group halo, such as ram pressure and strangulation, are both partaking in driving galaxies to their final red quiescent state. We discuss these results in the context of the "nature versus nurture" scenario of galaxy evolution.