2013AJ....145...94D


Query : 2013AJ....145...94D

2013AJ....145...94D - Astron. J., 145, 94 (2013/April-0)

The luminosities of protostars in the Spitzer c2d and Gould Belt Legacy clouds.

DUNHAM M.M., ARCE H.G., ALLEN L.E., EVANS II N.J., BROEKHOVEN-FIENE H., CHAPMAN N.L., CIEZA L.A., GUTERMUTH R.A., HARVEY P.M., HATCHELL J., HUARD T.L., KIRK J.M., MATTHEWS B.C., MERIN B., MILLER J.F., PETERSON D.E. and SPEZZI L.

Abstract (from CDS):

Motivated by the long-standing "luminosity problem" in low-mass star formation whereby protostars are underluminous compared to theoretical expectations, we identify 230 protostars in 18 molecular clouds observed by two Spitzer Space Telescope Legacy surveys of nearby star-forming regions. We compile complete spectral energy distributions, calculate Lbol for each source, and study the protostellar luminosity distribution. This distribution extends over three orders of magnitude, from 0.01 L to 69 L, and has a mean and median of 4.3 L and 1.3 L, respectively. The distributions are very similar for Class 0 and Class I sources except for an excess of low luminosity (Lbol ≲ 0.5 L) Class I sources compared to Class 0. 100 out of the 230 protostars (43%) lack any available data in the far-infrared and submillimeter (70 µm <λ < 850 µm) and have Lbol underestimated by factors of 2.5 on average, and up to factors of 8-10 in extreme cases. Correcting these underestimates for each source individually once additional data becomes available will likely increase both the mean and median of the sample by 35%-40%. We discuss and compare our results to several recent theoretical studies of protostellar luminosities and show that our new results do not invalidate the conclusions of any of these studies. As these studies demonstrate that there is more than one plausible accretion scenario that can match observations, future attention is clearly needed. The better statistics provided by our increased data set should aid such future work.

Abstract Copyright:

Journal keyword(s): stars: formation - stars: low-mass - stars: luminosity function, mass function - stars: protostars

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/AJ/145/94): table2.dat>

Status at CDS : All or part of tables of objects could be ingested in SIMBAD with priority 2.

Simbad objects: 33

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Number of rows : 33
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA
ICRS (J2000)
DEC
Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2024
#notes
1 [JCC87] IRAS 2A Y*O 03 28 55.55 +31 14 36.7           ~ 459 3
2 NAME Perseus Cloud SFR 03 35.0 +31 13           ~ 1364 0
3 NAME California Molecular Cloud MoC 04 10.0 +39 00           ~ 156 1
4 NAME Auriga reg 04 20 00.0 +38 05 00           ~ 207 0
5 IRAS 04191+1523 Y*O 04 22 00.43944 +15 30 21.2148           ~ 199 0
6 WISE J042838.78+265134.6 Y*O 04 28 38.78544 +26 51 34.6824           ~ 48 0
7 NAME Tau-Aur Complex SFR 04 30 +25.0           ~ 1357 0
8 NAME Taurus Complex SFR 04 41.0 +25 52           ~ 4415 0
9 NAME Orion Molecular Cloud MoC 05 56 -01.8           ~ 1098 1
10 NAME Mon R2 HII 06 07 47.58 -06 22 42.6           ~ 742 2
11 NAME Cha 1 MoC 11 06 48 -77 18.0           ~ 1154 1
12 NAME Musca Cld 12 23 -71.3           ~ 221 0
13 IRAS 12340-7958 LP* 12 37 39.7408011816 -80 15 13.707391932   16.11 14.39 13.63 9.81 ~ 107 0
14 NAME Cha III MoC 12 37.8 -80 15           ~ 140 2
15 NAME Cha II MoC 12 54 -77.2           ~ 337 0
16 Lupus 1 Cld 15 43 02.1 -34 09 06           ~ 286 0
17 Lupus 4 MoC 16 03 12.4 -42 07 43           ~ 152 0
18 Lupus 3 SFR 16 09.6 -39 03           ~ 323 0
19 ELAIS N1 reg 16 10 01 +54 30.6           ~ 421 0
20 Lupus 5 MoC 16 21 -37.5           ~ 63 0
21 Lupus 6 Cld 16 25 -40.3           ~ 51 1
22 NAME Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud SFR 16 28 06 -24 32.5           ~ 3629 1
23 NAME L328 IRS Y*? 18 16 59.50 -18 02 30.5           ~ 28 0
24 NAME Serpens Cloud SFR 18 29 49 +01 14.8           ~ 1100 2
25 NAME Aql Region reg 18 31.1 -02 10           ~ 391 0
26 NAME Corona Australis Cloud MoC 19 01 51 -36 58.9           ~ 490 0
27 SSTc2d J192134.8+112123 Y*O 19 21 34.82 +11 21 23.4           ~ 22 0
28 2MASS J20405664+6723047 Y*O 20 40 56.65 +67 23 04.8           ~ 36 0
29 NAME LDN 1014 IRS Y*O 21 24 07.58 +49 59 08.9           ~ 81 0
30 IC 5146 OpC 21 53 29.3 +47 14 46           ~ 466 2
31 NAME Cepheus Cloud SFR 22 00.0 +76 30           ~ 145 0
32 NAME III CEP ASSOC As* 23 04.2 +63 24           ~ 322 0
33 NAME Gould Belt PoG ~ ~           ~ 873 1

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