SIMBAD references

Major components of ices on interstellar grains in molecular clouds–water and carbon oxides–occur at various optical depths. This implies that selective desorption mechanisms are at work. An astrochemical model of a contracting low-mass molecular cloud core is presented. Ice was treated as consisting of the surface and three subsurface layers (i.e., sublayers). Photodesorption, reactive desorption, and indirect reactive desorption were investigated. The latter manifests itself through desorption from H+H reaction on grains. Desorption of shallow subsurface species was also included. Modeling results suggest the existence of a ''photon-dominated ice'' during the early phases of core contraction. Subsurface ice is chemically processed by interstellar photons, which produces complex organic molecules (COMs). Desorption from the subsurface layer results in high COM gas-phase abundances at A_V= 2.4-10 mag. This may contribute toward an explanation for COM observations in dark cores. It was found that photodesorption mostly governs the onset of ice accumulation onto grains. Reaction-specific reactive desorption is efficient for small molecules that form via highly exothermic atom-addition reactions. Higher reactive desorption efficiency results in lower gas-phase abundances of COMs. Indirect reactive desorption allows for closely reproducing the observed H₂O:CO:CO₂ ratio toward a number of background stars. Presumably, this can be done by any mechanism whose efficiency fits with the sequence CO ≥ CO₂ ≫ H₂O. After the freeze-out has ended, the three sublayers represent chemically distinct parts of the mantle. The likely A_Vthreshold for the appearance of CO ice is 8-10.5 mag. The lower value is supported by observations.