2017ApJ...847...81S

Query : 2017ApJ...847...81S

2017ApJ...847...81S - Astrophys. J., 847, 81-81 (2017/September-3)

Statistical detection of the He II transverse proximity effect: evidence for sustained quasar activity for >25 million years.

SCHMIDT T.M., WORSECK G., HENNAWI J.F., PROCHASKA J.X. and CRIGHTON N.H.M.

Abstract (from CDS):

The He II transverse proximity effect-enhanced He II Lyαtransmission in a background sightline caused by the ionizing radiation of a foreground quasar-offers a unique opportunity to probe the morphology of quasar-driven He II reionization. We conduct a comprehensive spectroscopic survey to find z∼3 quasars in the foreground of 22 background quasar sightlines with Hubble Space Telescope/COS He II Lyαtransmission spectra. With our two-tiered survey strategy, consisting of a deep pencil-beam survey and a shallow wide-field survey, we discover 131 new quasars, which we complement with known SDSS/BOSS quasars in our fields. Using a restricted sample of 66 foreground quasars with inferred He II photoionization rates greater than the expected UV background at these redshifts (ΓQSOHe II 5×10–16 s–1) we perform the first statistical analysis of the He II transverse proximity effect. Our results show qualitative evidence for a large object-to-object variance: among the four foreground quasars with the highest ΓQSOHe II only one (previously known) quasar is associated with a significant He II transmission spike. We perform a stacking analysis to average down these fluctuations, and detect an excess in the average He II transmission near the foreground quasars at 3σ significance. This statistical evidence for the transverse proximity effect is corroborated by a clear dependence of the signal strength on ΓQSOHe II. Our detection places a purely geometrical lower limit on the quasar lifetime of tQ 25 Myr. Improved modeling would additionally constrain quasar obscuration and the mean free path of He II-ionizing photons.

Abstract Copyright: © 2017. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

Journal keyword(s): dark ages, reionization, first stars - intergalactic medium - quasars: general - quasars: general

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/ApJ/847/81): table1.dat table2.dat table3.dat>

Nomenclature: Table 2: HE2QS JHHMM+DDMM N=5. Table 3: [SWH2017] JDDD.ddddd+DD.ddddd N=131.

Simbad objects: 154

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Number of rows : 154
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2024 		#notes
1 SDSS J005903.28+015214.1 QSO 00 59 03.2879114592 +01 52 14.244172320           ~ 1 0
2 SDSS J010015.71+022402.7 QSO 01 00 15.710 +02 24 02.70           ~ 5 0
3 SDSS J010030.53+023016.9 QSO 01 00 30.530 +02 30 16.93           ~ 7 0
4 SDSS J010030.64+023557.5 QSO 01 00 30.646 +02 35 57.59           ~ 1 0
5 SDSS J010042.42+021658.2 QSO 01 00 42.4280762784 +02 16 58.225837512           ~ 5 0
6 QSO B0058+0215 QSO 01 00 58.3936011840 +02 31 31.437517008     18.91     ~ 14 0
7 SDSS J010107.55+015937.6 QSO 01 01 07.5552619536 +01 59 37.746453696           ~ 1 0
8 SDSS J010117.73+023244.4 QSO 01 01 17.739 +02 32 44.49           ~ 1 0
9 SDSS J010118.08+023632.9 QSO 01 01 18.083 +02 36 32.97           ~ 7 0
10 SDSS J010123.84+023009.3 QSO 01 01 23.845 +02 30 09.32           ~ 1 0
11 SDSS J010127.43+023335.1 QSO 01 01 27.438 +02 33 35.13           ~ 1 0
12 SDSS J010129.72+024424.1 QSO 01 01 29.7163705944 +02 44 24.180738468           ~ 5 0
13 SDSS J010147.15+015021.1 QSO 01 01 47.1610673088 +01 50 21.200471304           ~ 5 0
14 SDSS J013906.96-085450.6 QSO 01 39 06.9612414120 -08 54 50.682134484           ~ 1 0
15 SDSS J013916.68-084353.3 QSO 01 39 16.6855937856 -08 43 53.348217780           ~ 1 0
16 SDSS J023012.13-013540.2 QSO 02 30 12.1264326696 -01 35 40.306374348           ~ 1 0
17 SDSS J023125.91-012932.0 QSO 02 31 25.9159529112 -01 29 32.025153876           ~ 1 0
18 SDSS J023157.81-013454.0 QSO 02 31 57.812 -01 34 54.02           ~ 1 0
19 SDSS J023236.09-014426.2 QSO 02 32 36.092 -01 44 26.22           ~ 1 0
20 SDSS J023239.37-014246.6 QSO 02 32 39.372 -01 42 46.65           ~ 1 0
21 QSO J0233-0149 QSO 02 33 06.0103399320 -01 49 50.571915744           ~ 5 0
22 SDSS J023308.53-015300.7 QSO 02 33 08.5361587392 -01 53 00.836707812           ~ 5 0
23 SDSS J023338.26-014042.2 QSO 02 33 38.2693010160 -01 40 42.177830016           ~ 1 0
24 SDSS J023513.79-014048.3 QSO 02 35 13.7982892272 -01 40 48.397806156           ~ 1 0
25 [SWH2017] J046.08937-00.06252 QSO 03 04 21.45 -00 03 45.1           ~ 1 0
26 LBQS 0302-0019 QSO 03 04 49.8593341368 -00 08 13.534398816   18.08 17.80 17.5   ~ 254 0
27 SDSS J030500.62-001233.2 QSO 03 05 00.621 -00 12 33.26           ~ 1 0
28 SDSS J030503.26-002225.3 QSO 03 05 03.268 -00 22 25.40           ~ 1 0
29 SDSS J030503.81-000429.8 QSO 03 05 03.811 -00 04 29.82           ~ 1 0
30 SDSS J030505.90-000616.5 QSO 03 05 05.8990706712 -00 06 16.562879028   21.74 21.13 20.8   ~ 16 0
31 SDSS J030506.79-000049.7 QSO 03 05 06.792 -00 00 49.78       21.9   ~ 2 0
32 SDSS J081820.58+490403.9 QSO 08 18 20.590 +49 04 03.99           ~ 5 0
33 [VV2006] J081850.0+490817 QSO 08 18 50.0157605760 +49 08 17.128295016   19.06 18.84     ~ 32 0
34 SDSS J081932.12+492741.4 QSO 08 19 32.1201716688 +49 27 41.370725916           ~ 5 0
35 SDSS J091433.85+475450.3 QSO 09 14 33.859 +47 54 50.39           ~ 1 0
36 SDSS J091448.96+240909.2 QSO 09 14 48.961 +24 09 09.27           ~ 1 0
37 SDSS J091453.77+240148.9 QSO 09 14 53.7786767160 +24 01 48.925992612           ~ 1 0
38 SDSS J091503.39+241831.4 QSO 09 15 03.3942442248 +24 18 31.475119824           ~ 1 0
39 QSO J0915+4756 QSO 09 15 10.0098448104 +47 56 58.848109980   18.39 18.06     ~ 43 0
40 SDSS J091534.18+235653.4 QSO 09 15 34.1831720448 +23 56 53.497898880           ~ 1 0
41 SDSS J091603.89+235356.2 QSO 09 16 03.8954408376 +23 53 56.306678964           ~ 1 0
42 QSO J0916+2408 QSO 09 16 20.8575312504 +24 08 04.699485492           ~ 6 0
43 SDSS J091639.49+241143.6 QSO 09 16 39.496 +24 11 43.61           ~ 1 0
44 SDSS J091707.11+480425.2 QSO 09 17 07.1236041360 +48 04 25.307963364           ~ 1 0
45 SDSS J091756.38+483454.3 QSO 09 17 56.3842111296 +48 34 54.338683440           ~ 5 0
46 [VV2006] J092447.3+485242 QSO 09 24 47.3579031672 +48 52 42.838260276   18.72 18.50     ~ 33 0
47 2MASS J09364349+2927138 QSO 09 36 43.5086372448 +29 27 13.663601172   18.53 18.39     ~ 35 0
48 SDSS J102452.77+190409.6 QSO 10 24 52.7726931936 +19 04 09.700108284           ~ 1 0
49 [SWH2017] J156.75602+18.66674 QSO 10 27 01.44 +18 40 00.3           ~ 1 0
50 SDSS J102734.07+191354.9 QSO 10 27 34.0725971376 +19 13 54.855734844           ~ 1 0
51 QSO J1027+1834 QSO 10 27 34.1318068776 +18 34 27.608576232   18.14 17.88     ~ 29 0
52 SDSS J102740.56+183938.9 QSO 10 27 40.5644222880 +18 39 38.971187964   19.86 19.54     ~ 13 0
53 SDSS J102755.15+184242.0 QSO 10 27 55.155 +18 42 42.02           ~ 1 0
54 SDSS J102809.63+182724.2 QSO 10 28 09.6398846736 +18 27 24.335112132           ~ 1 0
55 SDSS J102812.61+183140.7 QSO 10 28 12.6091657368 +18 31 40.857715380           ~ 1 0
56 SDSS J102859.29+182912.0 QSO 10 28 59.3019407424 +18 29 12.161628348           ~ 1 0
57 SDSS J110008.19+105338.6 QSO 11 00 08.2043256480 +10 53 38.564771676           ~ 2 0
58 SDSS J110115.32+105600.1 QSO 11 01 15.321 +10 56 00.20           ~ 1 0
59 SDSS J110123.04+104709.0 QSO 11 01 23.040 +10 47 09.00           ~ 1 0
60 SDSS J110123.97+105234.2 QSO 11 01 23.977 +10 52 34.24           ~ 1 0
61 SDSS J110132.55+105015.8 QSO 11 01 32.5506580584 +10 50 15.896681556           ~ 9 0
62 [VV2006] J110155.7+105301 QSO 11 01 55.7438474496 +10 53 02.346944244   19.65 19.38     ~ 31 0
63 [SWH2017] J165.58475+10.78663 QSO 11 02 20.34 +10 47 11.9           ~ 1 0
64 [SWH2017] J165.60616+10.92984 QSO 11 02 25.48 +10 55 47.4           ~ 1 0
65 [SWH2017] J165.63311+10.76935 QSO 11 02 31.95 +10 46 09.7           ~ 1 0
66 LAMOST J115741.31+314409.0 QSO 11 57 41.3142051240 +31 44 08.961311508           ~ 2 0
67 QSO B1157+3143 QSO 12 00 06.2491993344 +31 26 30.837671952   16.76 16.47     ~ 69 0
68 SDSS J120012.93+315526.7 QSO 12 00 12.9373554936 +31 55 26.742737316           ~ 1 0
69 SDSS J121830.06+161855.4 QSO 12 18 30.0684173760 +16 18 55.397468556           ~ 1 0
70 SDSS J121842.43+165456.2 QSO 12 18 42.4327559352 +16 54 56.256611904           ~ 1 0
71 LBQS 1216+1656 QSO 12 19 20.3993415216 +16 39 29.549507112     18.1     ~ 26 0
72 [VV96] J123713.3+012300 QSO 12 37 13.2035263416 +01 22 50.326595472   19.43       ~ 15 1
73 SDSS J123732.24+012711.7 QSO 12 37 32.240 +01 27 11.80           ~ 1 0
74 [VV2006] J123749.0+012607 QSO 12 37 48.9947454288 +01 26 06.929768364   19.51 19.18     ~ 40 0
75 [VV2006] J123815.0+012940 QSO 12 38 15.0064484760 +01 29 41.073137772   18.8 19.74 19.1   ~ 7 0
76 SDSS J123821.09+013342.8 QSO 12 38 21.1032502896 +01 33 42.874069968           ~ 8 0
77 SDSS J125011.68+681859.4 QSO 12 50 11.6866881168 +68 18 59.448782556           ~ 1 0
78 SDSS J125047.60+681813.3 QSO 12 50 47.5985967744 +68 18 13.365962784           ~ 8 0
79 SDSS J125101.32+680835.3 QSO 12 51 01.3217876016 +68 08 35.363618376           ~ 8 0
80 SDSS J125204.09+681615.4 QSO 12 52 04.1003664264 +68 16 15.413996712           ~ 7 0
81 SDSS J125240.26+682645.1 QSO 12 52 40.2636612168 +68 26 45.118360392           ~ 6 0
82 SDSS J125320.59+681632.7 QSO 12 53 20.5895717136 +68 16 32.797501392           ~ 7 0
83 SDSS J125340.06+680559.8 QSO 12 53 40.065 +68 05 59.84           ~ 7 0
84 [VV2006] J125353.7+681714 QSO 12 53 53.7084713304 +68 17 14.249837076   19.55 19.07     ~ 38 0
85 SDSS J125430.30+681340.4 QSO 12 54 30.2973085464 +68 13 40.511368596           ~ 1 0
86 SDSS J125530.26+682016.8 QSO 12 55 30.2587986648 +68 20 16.942640028           ~ 1 0
87 SDSS J125617.75+681819.9 QSO 12 56 17.7512846088 +68 18 19.919207664           ~ 8 0
88 2MASS J13191417+5202005 QSO 13 19 14.2056190680 +52 02 00.038535756   19.54 18.67     ~ 37 0
89 SDSS J160155.95+573527.2 QSO 16 01 55.9533072480 +57 35 27.200866308           ~ 1 0
90 7C 1602+5739 QSO 16 03 55.9315808928 +57 30 54.414349524     18.3 16.94   ~ 92 1
91 SDSS J160420.89+572433.9 QSO 16 04 20.8945032384 +57 24 34.019337744           ~ 3 0
92 SDSS J162945.35+043536.7 QSO 16 29 45.3471979248 +04 35 36.751145460           ~ 1 0
93 SDSS J163013.76+050923.6 QSO 16 30 13.7595501960 +05 09 23.653052676           ~ 1 0
94 SDSS J163018.89+043835.6 QSO 16 30 18.898 +04 38 35.66           ~ 1 0
95 QSO J1630+0435 QSO 16 30 56.3340952488 +04 35 59.433900396           ~ 12 0
96 SDSS J163104.93+050118.7 QSO 16 31 04.9367633232 +05 01 18.790625748           ~ 1 0
97 GB6 B1628+0439 QSO 16 31 12.859 +04 32 25.63           ~ 4 1
98 SDSS J165356.98+633353.1 QSO 16 53 56.9847570000 +63 33 53.132283864           ~ 1 0
99 SDSS J165605.41+640726.8 QSO 16 56 05.4269946264 +64 07 26.892689448           ~ 1 0
100 1RXS J165621.1+643544 QSO 16 56 22.4288215440 +64 35 43.671320556           ~ 2 0
101 SDSS J165953.48+640134.2 QSO 16 59 53.489 +64 01 34.21           ~ 1 0
102 HS 1700+6416 QSO 17 01 00.6194059368 +64 12 09.118892376   16.39 16.17     ~ 368 0
103 SDSS J170122.17+643418.1 QSO 17 01 22.1783796768 +64 34 18.109865640           ~ 1 0
104 SDSS J170131.17+610118.1 QSO 17 01 31.1740462752 +61 01 18.138697320           ~ 1 0
105 SDSS J170219.00+640454.5 QSO 17 02 19.010 +64 04 54.54           ~ 2 0
106 SDSS J170414.36+641934.0 QSO 17 04 14.3643916512 +64 19 34.048233624           ~ 1 0
107 SDSS J170550.96+652625.5 QSO 17 05 50.9565716208 +65 26 25.587884760           ~ 1 0
108 SDSS J170605.14+643858.4 QSO 17 06 05.1440341968 +64 38 58.522307532           ~ 1 0
109 SDSS J170927.84+613210.4 QSO 17 09 27.8393156184 +61 32 10.354369632           ~ 1 0
110 SDSS J171007.19+610420.8 QSO 17 10 07.1895471240 +61 04 20.893411812           ~ 1 0
111 SDSS J171013.75+610347.6 QSO 17 10 13.7545046040 +61 03 47.659499460           ~ 1 0
112 SDSS J171021.23+610616.5 QSO 17 10 21.2280705840 +61 06 16.597100088           ~ 1 0
113 SDSS J171034.65+605151.8 QSO 17 10 34.654 +60 51 51.89           ~ 1 0
114 SDSS J171038.34+611738.0 QSO 17 10 38.3482667808 +61 17 37.979962728           ~ 1 0
115 QSO J1711+6052 QSO 17 11 34.4069960520 +60 52 40.395116424   20.66 19.92     ~ 35 0
116 SDSS J171215.09+603205.1 QSO 17 12 15.0915325224 +60 32 05.109128880           ~ 1 0
117 SDSS J171403.66+613042.4 QSO 17 14 03.6691620720 +61 30 42.472097676           ~ 1 0
118 SDSS J214813.50-085753.8 QSO 21 48 13.5072036888 -08 57 53.876884788           ~ 1 0
119 SDSS J214843.62-090344.1 QSO 21 48 43.6165007208 -09 03 44.149657356           ~ 1 0
120 SDSS J214855.27-090134.0 QSO 21 48 55.2725692056 -09 01 34.097915064           ~ 1 0
121 SDSS J214856.84-090333.0 QSO 21 48 56.841 -09 03 33.00           ~ 1 0
122 SDSS J214909.02-090222.3 QSO 21 49 09.024 -09 02 22.40           ~ 1 0
123 QSO J2149-0859 QSO 21 49 27.7660453032 -08 59 03.618988044           ~ 6 0
124 SDSS J214931.72-085426.0 QSO 21 49 31.722 -08 54 26.10           ~ 1 0
125 SDSS J215300.16-084951.3 QSO 21 53 00.1709654856 -08 49 51.308755896           ~ 1 0
126 SDSS J215328.51+232901.6 QSO 21 53 28.5184632720 +23 29 01.721489604           ~ 1 0
127 QSO J2157+2330 QSO 21 57 43.6265864856 +23 30 37.350250236           ~ 7 0
128 SDSS J215755.84+230940.6 QSO 21 57 55.8460011816 +23 09 40.651689276           ~ 1 0
129 SDSS J215810.20+234924.1 QSO 21 58 10.2050848056 +23 49 24.060789192           ~ 1 0
130 SDSS J215811.40+234128.3 QSO 21 58 11.4147093240 +23 41 28.510130004           ~ 1 0
131 SDSS J215943.09+232709.9 QSO 21 59 43.0905811872 +23 27 09.894720744           ~ 5 0
132 [SWH2017] J330.07677+00.23124 QSO 22 00 18.42 +00 13 52.5           ~ 1 0
133 SDSS J220026.22+000443.4 QSO 22 00 26.227 +00 04 43.45           ~ 1 0
134 SDSS J220049.20+233637.7 QSO 22 00 49.2012742704 +23 36 37.771464780           ~ 1 0
135 SDSS J225101.84-090143.1 QSO 22 51 01.841 -09 01 43.13           ~ 1 0
136 SDSS J225103.34-085231.1 QSO 22 51 03.348 -08 52 31.13           ~ 1 0
137 SDSS J225107.41-085926.2 QSO 22 51 07.418 -08 59 26.22           ~ 1 0
138 [SWH2017] J342.79588-08.82989 QSO 22 51 11.01 -08 49 47.6           ~ 1 0
139 [SWH2017] J342.93192-08.92576 QSO 22 51 43.66 -08 55 32.7           ~ 1 0
140 [SWH2017] J342.96531-09.07376 QSO 22 51 51.67 -09 04 25.5           ~ 1 0
141 SDSS J234601.28-001950.5 QSO 23 46 01.286 -00 19 50.56           ~ 1 0
142 SDSS J234619.82-001217.0 QSO 23 46 19.825 -00 12 17.01           ~ 1 0
143 QSO J2346-0016 QSO 23 46 25.6709113344 -00 16 00.427438668   19.44 18.73     ~ 63 0
144 SDSS J234633.13-001031.0 QSO 23 46 33.133 -00 10 31.02           ~ 2 0
145 [SWH2017] J357.23866-43.44527 QSO 23 48 57.2865889248 -43 26 43.118538504           ~ 1 0
146 [SWH2017] J357.27585-43.65106 QSO 23 49 06.2095781256 -43 39 04.052822544           ~ 1 0
147 [SWH2017] J357.28091-43.45866 QSO 23 49 07.4252105856 -43 27 31.286252592           ~ 1 0
148 [SWH2017] J357.32826-43.15734 QSO 23 49 18.7759854384 -43 09 26.625469392           ~ 1 0
149 [SWH2017] J357.38097-43.64325 QSO 23 49 31.43 -43 38 35.7           ~ 1 0
150 [SWH2017] J357.60328-43.57593 QSO 23 50 24.79 -43 34 33.3           ~ 1 0
151 QSO B2347-4342 QSO 23 50 34.2593744544 -43 25 59.683985652   16.3 16.3     ~ 170 0
152 [SWH2017] J357.71931-43.51556 QSO 23 50 52.63 -43 30 56.0           ~ 1 0
153 QNQC J235107.0-432246 QSO 23 51 07.0963852032 -43 22 45.968667528     19.0     ~ 2 0
154 [SWH2017] J357.82798-43.52736 QSO 23 51 18.72 -43 31 38.5           ~ 1 0

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