SIMBAD references

We use the gas-grain chemistry code UCLCHEM to explore the impact of cosmic-ray feedback on the chemistry of circumstellar disks. We model the attenuation and energy losses of the cosmic rays as they propagate outward from the star and also consider ionization due to stellar radiation and radionuclides. For accretion rates typical of young stars of {dot}M_*∼10^–9–10^–6M_☉ yr^–1, we show that cosmic rays accelerated by the stellar accretion shock produce an ionization rate at the disk surface ζ >= 10^–15 s^–1, at least an order of magnitude higher than the ionization rate associated with the Galactic cosmic-ray background. The incident cosmic-ray flux enhances the disk ionization at intermediate to high surface densities (Σ > 10 g cm^–2), particularly within 10 au of the star. We find that the dominant ions are C⁺, S⁺, and Mg⁺ in the disk surface layers, while the H₃⁺ ion dominates at surface densities above 1.0 g cm^–2. We predict the radii and column densities at which the magnetorotational instability (MRI) is active in T Tauri disks and show that ionization by cosmic-ray feedback extends the MRI-active region toward the disk midplane. However, the MRI is only active at the midplane of a minimum-mass solar nebula disk if cosmic rays propagate diffusively (ζ ∝ r^–1) away from the star. The relationship between accretion, which accelerates cosmic rays, the dense accretion columns, which attenuate cosmic rays, and the MRI, which facilitates accretion, creates a cosmic-ray feedback loop that mediates accretion and may produce variable luminosity.