SIMBAD references

What is the expected infrared output of elliptical galaxies? We report the latest findings obtained in this high time resolution (∼10 yr) and high spatial resolution (2.5 pc at center) study. We add a set of grain physics to the Massive active galactic nucleus (AGN) Controlled Ellipticals Resolved code, including (a) dust grains made in passive stellar evolution; (b) dust grain growth due to collision and sticking; (c) grain destruction due to thermal sputtering; (d) dust cooling of hot gas via inelastic collisions; and (e) radiation pressure on dust grains. The code improvements enable us to analyze metal depletion and AGN obscuration due to dust, and to assess its infrared output. We simulate a representative massive elliptical galaxy of a central stellar velocity dispersion ∼260 km s^–1 and modest rotation. We find that: (1) the circumnuclear disk (∼1 kpc in diameter) is dusty in its outer region where most of the metals are contained in dust grains, while in the inner disk, dust grains are mostly destroyed by the AGN irradiation; (2) the dusty disk is optically thick to both the starlight within the disk and the radiation from the central AGN; thus the AGN is obscured behind the disk, and the covering factor is ∼0.2; and (3) the duty cycles of the AGN activities, star formation, and the dust infrared luminosity roughly match observations; e.g., in most of its lifetime, the simulated galaxy is a stereotypical "quiescent" elliptical galaxy with L_IR∼10¹¹L_☉, but it can reach >=10⁴⁶ erg s^–1 during outbursts with a star formation rate ≳250M_☉yr^–1.