SIMBAD references

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will make it possible to comprehensively measure the thermal emission spectra of rocky exoplanets orbiting M dwarfs and thus characterize their atmospheres. In preparation for this opportunity, we present model atmospheres for three M-dwarf planets particularly amenable to secondary eclipse spectroscopy-TRAPPIST-1b, GJ 1132b, and LHS 3844b. Using three limiting cases of candidate atmospheric compositions (pure H₂O, pure CO₂, and solar abundances) we calculate temperature-pressure profiles and emission spectra in radiative-convective equilibrium, including the effects of a solid surface. We find that the atmospheric radiative transfer is significantly influenced by the cool M-star irradiation; H₂O and CO₂ absorption bands in the near-infrared are strong enough to absorb a sizeable fraction of the incoming stellar light at low pressures, which leads to temperature inversions in the upper atmosphere. The non-gray band structure of gaseous opacities in the infrared is hereby an important factor. Opacity windows are muted at higher atmospheric temperatures, so we expect temperature inversions to be common only for sufficiently cool planets. We also find that pure CO₂ atmospheres exhibit lower overall temperatures and stronger reflection spectra compared to models of the other compositions. We estimate that for GJ 1132b and LHS 3844b we should be able to distinguish between different atmospheric compositions with JWST. The emission lines from the predicted temperature inversions are currently hard to measure, but high-resolution spectroscopy with future extremely large telescopes may be able to detect them.